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= Minnesotan Food Cooperative Wars =

Overview
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Minnesota’s twin cities region was home to a burgeoning movement of food cooperatives(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_cooperative). This movement was initially spearheaded by The People’s Pantry, an establishment that aimed to provide bulk-supplied “natural” foods to the surrounding community at wholesale prices [MINN HIST]. As the decade continued, rival co-operatives such as the Cooperative Organization or CO(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O_(political_group)#The_co-op_wars_.281975-76.29) rose to prominence for their focus on centralized distribution and maoist political organizing in contrast to the opposing model of decentralized, organic-food-focused co-ops [Jacobin]. By 1975 factionalism amongst different types of co-operatives led to vigorous competition and at times violent altercations and the territorial seizure of some co-ops [3:19 radio program]. The conflict began to fade out for various reasons during the summer of the following year[MINN HIST].

Initial Goals of Cooperatives

Many of the early co-operatives had hopes of being able to offer a natural and inexpensive alternative to the grocery industry in a community-centered farmers’ market economy [MINN HIST]. The members of various cooperatives also hoped to, in time, have the ability to feed most, if not all, of the twin cities region with their collective resources [Jacobin]. Most co-ops maintained communication with others through the Public Review Board that worked through one of the biggest co-ops, the People’s Warehouse in Minneapolis [MINN HIST].

Reasons for Polarization
In the early 1970s most co-operatives stood by the the initial goals of the cooperative movement, but as time went by an ideological split emerged between those of the traditional decentralized and organic-focused co-ops and those with a new ideology; Marxism-Leninism-Maoism(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism) [Jacobin]. This faction believed that these food cooperatives should not only serve the community, but that they should be a centralized force to unite the working class against the capitalist class. They specifically emphasized that the cooperatives in their early working form were too decentralized and ununified. They also pushed for cheaper items of produce to be sold, such as margarine, white bread, and other items with some processed ingredients as to make the cooperatives more affordable and increase the range of their shopper demographic [MINN HIST]. This side eventually became known as the Cooperative Organization or the CO. Their model of organizing was heavily influenced by groups such as the black panther party [Jacobin].

Beginning of Wars
The cooperative wars began in the late spring of 1975 when the CO attended a quarterly meeting of the Policy Review Board (an intermediary organization made up of various representatives from different co-operatives) hosted at the People’s Warehouse. At this meeting the CO laid out a radical new proposed centralized structure for the board [13:50 Radio]. In the plan, the CO proposed that cooperatives widen the food variety given and sold and to centralize the People’s Warehouse and therefore all of the midwest food cooperatives. The Public Review Board refused this proposal [MINN HIST].

On May 5, 1975,  25 members of the CO broke into the People’s Warehouse using metal pipes as weapons and took the main food cooperative by force [Jacobin]. The Policy Review Board was forcibly removed from the building, but there were no significant injuries inflicted. The event was made even more controversial when the notably-anarchist Policy Review Board contacted the police and tried to sue the CO over building ownership [16:55 Radio]. Some surrounding food cooperatives were in favor of this change and continued to do business and align with the CO’s main objectives while others boycotted and found other ways in which to transport and sell their product [MINN HIST]. Following the takeover of The People’s Warehouse, the CO attempted to occupy the nearby North Country food co-operative as well, but the attempt fell through due to the leaking of the plan beforehand by a CO defector. This lead to the police arriving at the scene at the time of the attempt, and the would-be occupiers were quickly dispersed [Radio 21:21].

In December of 1975 the CO furthered their agenda by attacking the Bryant-Central Cooperative. Members firebombed a coordinator’s truck. They also briefly occupied and attacked the workers of the Seward Cooperative on January 9 of the following year. Alongside with these attacks the CO maintained control in other co-ops where their members were the majority [MINN HIST]. In response to these incidents, food co-operatives in the area began incorporating to ensure their property ownership could be verified by the police during occupations. [Radio 22:43]

The CO also launched a march of between fifty and one-hundred people against the Mill City Food Cooperative with intentions of taking over their business [Radio 23:58]. However, in this situation, the Mill City Food Cooperative sent out approximately two-hundred of their own people in retaliation and were able to maintain control. [MINN HIST]

Beginning of End
In 1976, a mob of North Country Cooperative’s members, expelled its majority-CO board members for attempting to lift the co-operative’s embargo on the still CO-controlled People’s Warehouse. After this event, at the nearby CO-controlled Powderhorn Cooperative, non-CO co-op members broke into North Country Cooperative, changed the locks and installed a new cash register [MINN HIST]. In the summer of 1976 the biggest food cooperative, People’s Warehouse was restored back to its original order with the Policy Review Board regaining full control through winning a significant court action [Radio 27:50]. Following this loss, the CO still maintained power in some cooperatives, but made no further attempts to expand their revolutionary efforts by taking over new co-operatives [MINN HIST].

Effects of the Cooperative Wars

People that were not as involved, such as the everyday citizens of Minneapolis and the surrounding areas, were scared away, and the wars have negatively stigmatized food co-operatives for some older twin-cities residents [Jacobin]. Many former CO members now see the organization as a having been a cult. [Radio 27:41]  Neither side in the co-op wars were able to realize their vision of a revolutionary co-op fed working class, or a natural food based massive distribution network [Jacobin]. Although fewer in number, different kinds have still persisted in Minnesota area through the early 1990s, although some have notably moved towards more strictly hierarchical modes of production [MINN HIST].