User:LouisAragon/sandbox

WP:REMOVECITE

WP:SOURCEGOODFAITH

The additional sources cited by HoI all reinforce several important points that this article currently fails to present. 1) The overglofirication of the Battle of Thermopylae in later Western conscious as some part of united "Western" heritage 2) the overglorification of some sort of Western/European ideal of liberty vs Asian/Oriental despotism. 3) the lack of a contemporaneous Persian POV (Waters, 2014). Dabashi can be attributed appropriately, but I don't see any reason to believe he's WP:FRINGE. Khirurg has failed to present any sort of counter evidence from WP:RS that would discredit the views as cited above (Brill, Wiley & Sons ×2, Cambridge University PresS), including that of Dabashi (Harvard University Press). I think this discussion has "indeed" ended. - LouisAragon (talk) 22:56, 21 July 2022 (UTC)


 * "and I couldn't find any rule that forbids adding such a tag for sources disputed to be unreliable"
 * Just because the template says such tag can be added, doesn't mean it should be inserted into every page where the reference has been cited. Imagine the ref had been cited in 50 pages. Would you have added the tag to all those pages? Remember, WP:COMPETENCE is required when editing.
 * "...such as "the talk page section didn't result in what [I] would have liked seeing vis-a-vis Arakelova,"
 * Then what exactly are you trying to prove vis-a-vis Arakelova?
 * "an attempt to force users into kow-tow,"
 * Ehm. You inserted five tags---- throughout various Wikipedia articles in which Arakelova had been cited after WP:RSN and Talk:Azerbaijanis did not yield a satisfactory result and also wrote an edit summary wherein you stated ...The purpose here is not to be disruptive but to be provocative and invite editors to finally put the discussion to rest at Talk:Azerbaijanis#Arakelova. Feel free to revert this, but please contribute to the discussion. Sounds like an attempt to enforce other user's into accepting your demands.
 * - LouisAragon (talk) 00:51, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

Do you have any references that discredit her academic work or that of her journal in relation to this topic?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2019-05-31/Discussion_report

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-02-12/In_the_media

https://www.azernews.az/nation/127091.html

to remove mention of the word "Azeris" from the lede. This word is very commonly used in English WP:RS to refer to this ethnic group. A Google.books search on "Azeris" provides 41.700 hits, Google.Scholar gives 9620 hits, Brill's database gives 5979 hits, and jstor gives 1055 hits. Any further attempts to remove said word will be regarded as WP:TENDENTIOUS editing. - LouisAragon (talk) 14:47, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Thus, according to the 1897 census, the Christians outnumbered the Muslim population. If one combines just the Georgians and Armenian population, it far outnumbered the Tatars (later Azeris): 49,04% to 29,24%. Unfortunately, some post-Soviet historians, in an effort to construct national histories and to create national identities, manipulated the above figures to suit their purposes. This was especially true of Russian and Azerbaijani historians who, beginning in the 1930s and continuing throughout the Soviet era, not only identified all the Muslims who resided in the South Caucasus after the 16th century, as “Azerbaijanis”, but also placed certain regions (such as Nakhichevan, Sharur and Zakatal), which in the 19th century were part of the Yerevan and Tiflis provinces, as being part of 19th-century “Azerbaijan”! Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijani historians have totally ignored the historic Armenian presence in the above provinces, and have asserted that not only the Armenians were newcomers to the region, but that the present-day Armenian Republic is part of “northern Azerbaijan”, with the Iranian province of Azarbaijan constituting part of Azeri historic territory, which they refer to as “southern Azerbaijan”.

Bournoutian, 2017

The name of Azerbaijan historically, had always been used for the northwestern region of contemporary Iran; better known as Iranian Azerbaijan. The directly adjacent and closely related region to the north of the Aras River, comprising the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan, was always referred to as Arran and/or Shirvan. Though the two areas were almost always united throughout history, as were in general the entire territory of modern-day Azerbaijan Republic and most of Iran, until the Russians conquered the Transcaucasus and Dagestan from Qajar Iran through the Russo-Iranian wars of 1804-1813 and 1826-1828, there was a clear distinction in naming, until recently.

In 1918, the Musavat government adopted the name "Azerbaijan" for the newly established Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, which was proclaimed on May 27 1918, for political reasons,  even though the name of Azerbaijan was always used to refer to the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran.

On the adoptation of the already in-use name of Azerbaijan by the Mussavatists numerous people commented throughout history;


 * Dekmejian & Simonian;

"'Until 1918, when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independant state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan.'"


 * Babak Rezvani;

"'The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago.'"

Vasily Bartold;

"'(...) whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the republic of Azerbaijan, name Arran can be chosen. But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created, it was assumed that this and the Persian Azerbaijan will be one entity, because the population of both has a big similarity. On this basis, the word Azerbaijan was chosen. Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used, it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic, its confusing and a question rises as to which Azerbaijan is talked about.'"

B.G. Fragner;

"'In the post Islamic sense, Arran and Shirvan are often distinguished, while in the pre-Islamic era, Arran or the western Caucasian Albania roughly corresponds to the modern territory of the republic of Azerbaijan. In the Soviet era, in a breathtaking manipulation, historical Azerbaijan (northwestern Iran) was reinterpreted as 'South Azerbaijan' in order for the Soviets to lay territorial claim on historical Azerbaijan proper which is located in modern-day northwestern Iran.'"

Harun Yilmaz;

"'On May 27, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (DRA) was declared with Ottoman military support. The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as [Transcaucasian] Tatar, which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition. (...) Neighboring Iran did not welcome did not welcome the DRA's adoptation of the name of 'Azerbaijan' for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim.'"

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The poet Nezami Ganjavi (born himself in what is the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan) in his famous Khusraw and Shirin mentions the distinction between "Arran o Arman" and "Adharbayagan" in the same epic poem, which clearly shows they were separate lands.

On 27 May 1918, when the new republic of Azerbaijan was proclaimed by the Mussavatist government to the north of the Aras River, the adoptation of the name "Azerbaijan" caused consternation in Iran, especially amongst Azerbaijani intellectuals. Mohammad Khiyabani and his fellow Democrats, in order to dissociate themselves from Transcaucasia decided the change the name of Iranian Azerbaijan to Azadistan (freedomland). By way of justyfing this decision, they referred to the important "heroic role" their Azerbaijani brethren to the north of the Aras river had played in the struggle to establish the constitution in Iran, which, in their view, warranted adopting the new name Azadistan.

Transcaucasia
The oldest outside influence in Transaucasia furthermore was that of Iran. As historian Mark Whittow quotes; "From the mid-sixth century BC through the late fourth century AD, most of the Transcaucasus had been part of the Persian Empire... (...) Armenian, Georgian and Albanian aristocratic culture was heavily influenced by Persian values... (...) Zoroastrian beliefs were widespread, far more in fact than the later Christian tradition of history writing in the Transcaucasus is prepared to admit. Even after this (the fall of the Sassanids), it is worthy remembering that many of its population, including Armenians and Georgians as well as Persians and Kurds, the Transcaucasus had much closer ties with the former Sasanian world to the south and east than with the world to the west."

In the course of the 19th century, Iran eventually irrevoably ceded the entire region to neighbouring Imperial Russia per the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) and the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828).

Armenia


From the time Urartu got ended by the Iranian Medes, Greater Armenia was at numerous times a province of various Persian empires since the Achaemenid period, resulting in being heavily influenced by Iranian culture, sharing millennia long relations with Iran. Ancient Armenian society was a combination of local cultures, significant Iranian social and political structures, and Hellenic/Christian traditions. Many dynasties that ruled the territory of Armenia were of Iranian origin, such as the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which was an eponymous branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Most of the Armenian lands were predominantly Zoroastrian in the late Parthian era, prior to the official acceptation of Christianity in the 4th century. Armenia has, intermittently, been an integral part of Iran for millennia since the Achaemenids all the way to the Qajar Dynasty, before ultimately being ceded to the Russians per the latter's victory in the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828). Thus, in the course of the 19th century, Iran was forced to cede its Armenian territories to neighboring Imperial Russia, which would later, in the course of the 20th century, become the modern Armenian state.

The enormous amount of loans from Iranian languages initially led linguists to erroneously classify Armenian as an Iranian language. Another reason behind this is that Armenian word forms are close to or even identical with Iranian and especially Modern Persian forms in so many cases that the particular connection between the two languages could not escape the notice of scholars even at the beginning of modern Armenological studies. However, as the Encyclopaedia Iranica states, such words were not at first recognized as borrowings, and as a result, in the mid-19th century experts both in Armenian and in Iranian, foremost among whom were Paul de Lagarde and F. Müller, concluded that Armenian belongs to the Iranian group of languages. The distinctness of Armenian was only recognized when Hübschmann (1875) used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian loans from the older Armenian vocabulary.

Iran continues to have a millennia old sizeable Armenian minority, which is amongst the largest in the Middle East, and amongst the largest and oldest in the world. Many of the oldest Armenian churches in the world are located within Iran, such as the St. Stepanos Monastery, Many Armenians such as Yeprem Khan were directly involved and are remembered in the more contemporary history of Iran.

Armenian language retains large influence of Iranian languages, such as Parthian language, and Persian language.

Azerbaijan
According to Tadeusz Swietochowski, the territories of Iran and the republic of Azerbaijan usually shared the same history from the time of ancient Media (ninth to seventh centuries b.c.) and the Persian Empire (sixth to fourth centuries b.c.).

Intimately and inseparably intertwined histories for millennia, Iran irrevocably lost the territory that is nowadays Azerbaijan in the course of the 19th century. With the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 following the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) Iran had to officially cede Georgia, its possessions in the North Caucasus and many of those in modern-day North Azerbaijan ("Republic of Azerbaijan"), which included Baku Khanate, Shirvan Khanate, Karabakh Khanate, Ganja Khanate, Shaki Khanate, Quba Khanate, and parts of the Talysh Khanate. Derbent (Darband) Khanate of Dagestan was also lost to Russia. These Khanates comprise most of what is today the Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan in Southern Russia. By the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 following the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828), the result was even more disastrous, and resulted in Iran being forced to cede the Nakhichevan Khanate and the Mughan regions to Russia, as well as Erivan Khanate, and the remainder of the Talysh Khanate. All these territories together, lost in 1813 and 1828 combined, constitute all of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, and southern Dagestan. The area to the North of the river Aras, among which the territory of the contemporary republic of Azerbaijan were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.

Many localities in this region bear Persian names or names derived from Iranian languages and Azerbaijan remains by far Iran's closest cultural, religious, ethnic and historical neighbor. Azerbaijanis are by far the second largest ethnicity in Iran, and comprise the largest community of ethnic Azerbaijanis in the world, vastly outnumbering the amount in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Both nations are the only officially Shia majority in the world, with adherents of the religion comprising an absolute majority in both nations. The people of nowadays Iran and Azerbaijan were converted to Shiism during exactly the same time in history. Furthermore, the name of "Azerbaijan" is derived through the name of the Persian satrap which ruled the contemporary region of Iranian Azerbaijan and minor parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan in ancient times. In 1918, the Azerbaijani Musavat party adopted the name for the nation upon the independence of the former territories under the Russian Empire.

Georgia
Georgia and in particular its regions of Kartli and Kakheti, were Persian Provinces since Achaemenid times, through Sassanid times (particularly starting with Hormozd IV), with occasionally losing it, all the way up to the Qajar Dynasty in the 19th century. However, sometimes other regions such as Imereti and the complete western part of the country were added and put under Iranian suzerainty, such as under Shah Abbas the Great and Nader Shah respectively. Georgia played very high importance in Iran since Safavid times, where many members of the Georgian elite were involved in the Safavid government, royal house, civil administration, army and harems. Hundreds of thousands of Georgians were moved to Iran since the era of the Safavids all the way till the Qajars. It is estimated that at the end of the 16th century under Iranian Safavids rule, some 250,000 Georgians were living in Iran. Just some of the many notable individuals of Georgian descent are Amin al-Sultan, former Prime Minister of Iran, who was the son of a Georgian father, general Bahram Aryana, Shah Safi, Manucheher Khan Motamed-od-Dowleh, Heydar Ali (son of Tahmasp I, actor Cyrus Gorjestani, Sima Gorjestani, Nematollah Gorji, poet Nima Yooshij, Dr. Leila Karimi (originally known as Goginashvili), footballer Mahmoud Karimi (Mahmoud Karimi Sibaki), Reza Shah, harpsichordist Mahan Esfahani, and many, many others.

Other notable Iranian Georgians from the Safavid and Qajar times include Gurgin Khan (Georgia XI of Kartli), Daud Khan Undiladze, Qajar statesman Dowlatshah, Rostom-Khan Saakadze, Rustam Khan (Rostom of Kartli), Parsadan Gorgijanidze, Aliquli Jabbadar and many others.

Eastern Georgia was under the intermittent suzerainty of Persia from 1555 until 1783 when Erekle II of Kartli and Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with the Russian Empire, formally abjuring any dependence on Iran, and laying the authority over all Georgian matters in the Russian hands, most importantly, in case of renewed Iranian ambitions to bring Georgia back within the Iranian territories. Iran led by Agha Mohammad Khan of the recently ascending Qajar dynasty, did, like all shah's before him view Georgia as an integral Iranian province. After having secured mainland Iran following the civil war that had erupted with the death of the last Zand ruler, he turned his gaze upon the Caucasus, which had, with the ongoing chaos in mainland Iran, mostly broken away into Khanates, apart from Georgia which became to a degree unified. In 1795, after having made several amends to Erekle II, the king of Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and a formerly appointed Iranian viceroy over the Georgian lands, to denounce the 1786 treaty with Russia and to voluntarily re-accept Iranian rule (which he denied), he invaded, captured, and sacked Tbilisi, the Georgian capital, bringing Georgia effectively back within the Iranian territories, after being separated from each other for just some decades. However, following a turn of events and the death of Agha Mohammad Khan as well as the devastated state of Georgia, Russia found itself easily able to annex Georgia in 1801. These turn of events directly led up to the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813), as Iran was unable by all means to let go its integral territories in the Caucasus, which had always been seen on an even got as the Iranian territories in mainland Iran. Following Iran's defeat in the war, it officially gave up its claims to Georgia according to the terms of the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813. Persian culture made a huge impact on Georgia and its peoples. The word Georgia itself is derived from the Persian designation of the Georgians, gurğ, ğurğ, borrowed around the time of the First Crusade, but ultimately derived from a Middle Persian varkâna, meaning "land of wolves".

During the Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar era, most Georgian nobles and royals were patrons of Persian culture, such as Teimuraz I of Kakheti and many others. Today, the people of Georgia and Iran still share significant cultural ties and to a lesser degree ethnical ties. Iran maintains a large minority of Georgians inside their country, and it is estimated that the amount of Iranians with Georgian ancestry exceeds that of the total amount of Georgians in Georgia.

- "During the stay of Teimooraz in Persia, Abdullah-beg, a natural son of a preceding king of Georgia, who had adopted the Mahomedan religion, availing himself of the absence of Teimooraz, assembled a large body of nomade Tartars, and advanced upon Tiflis, with a view of conquering Kartli. King Irakli, on learning this, advanced to meet Abdullah-Beg, (...)" - The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies. (1831) Black, Parbury, & Allen. page 234

"ABDALLAH-BEG; Georgian political figure of the 18th century. The son of king Iese of Kartli and Helen, the daughter of King Erekle I, he supportd the Persians in Georgia and governed Gori and later Tbilisi for them. In 1744, he received the governorship of Kvemo Kartli (...)" - Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Rowman & Littlefield. 9781442241466 (ed, 2). page 62

So what again is your issue with including the Persian translation, given that you haven't shown a single reference that the Shirvanshahs had a change in identity before the time of the construction of the palace, or even before it? Abundant references have been given on the contrary that show that the Shirvanshahs were thoroughly Persianized well before the foundation of this palace, yet you're objecting against the inclusion of the Persian translation and disregarding the sources because you have a self-made assumption that they might have gone through a change of identity with the Turkic migrations. We don't interpret our sources, and you're not an authority, so your "opinion" (or virtually about any one else's here as a matter of fact) regarding the interpretation of historical events without sourcing, unfortunately equals jack shit. You should read WP:NOTTRUTH whenever you have the time. Per the same reasoning, it only makes sense to includde both the Azeri and Persian spellings.

David Blow (2009); (p 165) "The court was a rich mix of peoples. Foremost among the courtiers were the old nobility of Turkoman Qizilbash amirs and their sons. Although no longer controlling the state, they continued to provide many of the senior army officers and to fill important administrative and ceremonial offices in the royal household. There were the Persians who still dominated the bureaucracy and under Abbas held the two highest government officices of Grand Vizier and Comptroller-General of the Revenues (mostoufi-ye mamalek), which was the nearest thing to a finance minister. There were also the ghulams or "slaves of the shah", who were mainly Georgians, Circassians and Armenians. As a result of Abbas' reforms, they held high offices in the army, the administration and the royal household. Last but by no means there were the palace eunuchs who were also ghulams - "white" eunuchs largely from the Caucasus, and "black" eunuchs from India and Africa. Under Abbas, the eunuchs became an increasingly important element at the court. The primary court language remained Turkish. But it was not the Turkish of Istanbul. It was a Turkish dialect, the dialect of the Qizilbash Turkomans, which is still spoken today in the province of Azerbaijan, in north-western Iran. This form of Turkish was also the mother-tongue of Shah Abbas, although he was equally at ease speaking Persian. It seems likely that most, if not all, of the Turkoman grandees at the court also spoke Persian, which was the language of the administration and culture, as well as of the majority of the population. But the reverse seems not to have been true. When Abbas had a lively conversation in Turkish with the Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle, in front of his courtiers, he had to translate the conversation afterwards into Persian for the benefit of most of those present. Georgian, Circassian and Armenian were also spoken, since these were the mother-tongues of (from here on p 166) many of the ghulams, as well as of a high proportion of the women of the harem. Figueroa heard Abbas speak Georgian, which he had no doubt acquired from his Georgian ghulams and concubines. (David Blow (2009) Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0857716767)

David Blow (2009) further backing up about Mohammad Baqer Mirza (aka "Prince Safi") his mother being Circassian (p. 60, 31). Assertions that his mother was Christian Circasian (p. 31, 60).

Blow (2009); "Robert Shirley married the daughter of a Christian Circassian chieftain, called Teresa, who had been brought up at the Safavid court where her aunt was one of the shah's favourite wifes." p 88

,, ,,; "a number of coffee-houses employed good-looking Circassian and Georgian boys to attract customers". p 204

,, ,,; "Shah Abbas had between 400 and 500 women in his harem, where they were looked after by black eunuchs and slave maidservants. Three or four were full wives who had undergone a marriage ceremony; the rest were concubines, mainly Circassians, Georgians, and Armenians. These concubines were slaves either taken in war or purchased, or else sent as gifts by local governors and vassal rulers. The many Christians among them were not compelled to convert as male slaves were, and it is likely that Abbas acquired at least some of his knowledge of Christians teachings from them." p. 170

,, ,,; "(...) and then to Rome, where he [Robert Shirley] and his wife Teresa were painted by the 23-year old van Dyck. p. 138"

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https://books.google.nl/books?id=FxN9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=khans+erivan+related+to+qajar+dynasty&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT6aulkdHNAhXqAcAKHZTyDNQQ6AEIQzAF#v=onepage&q=khans%20erivan%20related%20to%20qajar%20dynasty&f=false -> p 44, regarding usage of coins in the Caucasian khanates

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Removing sourced content, removing relevant categories, edit-warring, reinstating content that was done by a CU blocked sock, deliberately remmoving sourced content by dishonest reasons, and then mentioning a Wikipedia mirror as reason.

Yusuf Agha (Circassian) ->

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"Kurakchay" -> ,

"Armenian transliterations" ->

"Qajar geneology" ->

"Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590 & early Qizilbash" ->

"Georgian rulers + names" ->

"Дворянские роды Российской империи. Том 4" ->

Book ->

Qazeqman, Akhesqeh, Guri, Gori.

Monetary ->

Early govs ->

Article ->

Bournoutian (1) ->

Bournoutian (2) ->

Economy ->

Sopurgan ->

Byzantine, Tabrizi, Chalabi, newspapers/journalism, Ottomans, Karabakh ->, , , , ,

Ev-Ogli ->, ("Ughli")

Griboyedov

Authors Asia Minor ->

Hyrcanian plain & Plain of Cyrus ->

Mehdi Qoli Beg -> ,

Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) ->

Verona (541) Ostrogoths ->

Mansur Khan, qollar-aghasi ->

Ionian Revolt -> ,

Tufangchi aqasi ->

Tahmasb Khan Gholam ->

Khusraw ->

Ambassador -> Hossein Ali Beg Bayat

Hobays -> ,

Darband epigraphy ->

Assyrian ->

Kushan chief ->

Persian influence on the Ancient Greeks

Xavier de Planhol / Encyclopedia Iranica;

Byzantine article suggestions;

"On the Byzantine articles, there are a host of articles you can write. The simplest way would probably be to start going through the PLRE and fill it out as you go ;). Whenever I've tried this, however, I became bored very quickly, as most figures are simply too obscure and it gets too repetitive. There's also Portal:Byzantine Empire/Missing articles, which contains some rather more "interesting" or useful articles, that are already redlinked elsewhere in WP. I can't really point you to any articles that need to be written, but e.g. you could fill out the individual members of the Apion (family), the missing commanders of both sides in the Lazic War, etc. Period-wise, I think the 5th century is the most under-represented and in need of work, because it is rather less interesting (I know I at least haven't done much work on it). Thanks in advance for whatever you choose to do :)."

"The Ottomans, Safawids and Mughals were steeped in the same Persianate-Islamic culture and shared Persian as their common language." -- Wink, Andre. In "India and Indonesia, during the Ancien Regime". Marshall & van Niel, et al. BRILL. p. 50.

"(...) and became one of the most influential handbooks of Islamic teachings in the Persianate world, from the Ottoman Empire through Iran, India, and Central Asia." -- The Sage Learning of Liu Zhi: Islamic Thought in Confucian Terms Murata et al., Harvard University Asia Center. (2009). p. 4

Persian served as a minority prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court. -- Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. (2012). A history of Persian literature (Vol. X). Chapter; Persian historiography. I.B.Tauris. p. 438

''With the rise of the Ottoman state, Persian gave way to Ottoman Turkish as the primary language of the literate classes in Anatolia, and it spread with the conquests into the Balkans. Nonetheless, Persian remained in vogue in the Ottoman court well into the sixteenth century.'' -- Masters, Bruce. (2013). The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge University Press. p. 107

-

Map Qajars (in the smaller towns and villages of the country axworthy) -

Siege of Mytilene, Memnon

Siege of Byzantium, Philip II

Constantine Melik, Byzantium

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hamza-nigari

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-hasem-3rd-5th-9th-11th-century-local-dynasty-of-the-region-of-darband-bab-al-abwab

https://books.google.nl/books?id=VstdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT96&dq=abazi+coin&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqhNng0IPbAhXQJ1AKHa93DwIQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=persian&f=false

Khanate Province Bournoutian (2016); pp. 212, (title), xxiv, xxiii

"As the province of Gorjestan (Georgia), it was ruled by its own kings of the ancient Bagrationi dynasty, who were simultaneously members of the Safavi administration as valis (governor-generals)." - Atkin, 1980, p. 10

"All of the principalities, except Shirvan and Shakki, were ruled by Shii khans (...)" - Atkin, 1980, p. 12

"In addition, there were sedentary Persian speakers in several areas, particulary Yerevan and Baku." - Atkin, 1980, p. 11


 * "He thereby founded the rule of the Safavid dynasty in Iran which was to last until 1148/1736." -- Roemer, H.R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". In Jackson, Peter.; Lockhart, Laurence. Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 6, the Timurid and Safavid periods). Cambridge University Perss. p. 189
 * "His death brought to an end the seven-year Afghan interregnum, during which the country had lapsed in a state of chaos. Nadir Khan entered Isfahan on 16 November 1729, and restored the Safavid monarchy by placing Tahmasp II on the throne. (...) On 8 March 1736, he had himself crowned as Nadir Shah, the first ruler of the Afshar dynasty." -- Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 253
 * "''Ṣafawids, a dynasty which ruled in Persia as sovereigns 907-1135/1501-1722, as fainéants 1142-8/1729-36, and thereafter, existed as pretenders to the throne up to 1186/1773. -- Savory, R.M., Bruijn, J.T.P. de, Newman, A.J., Welch, A.T. and Darley-Doran, R.E. (2012). "Ṣafawids". In P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. The Encyclopedia of Islam, SECOND. BRILL Online.

"The tenshahi piece, which fell into disuse with the introduction of the riyal, was first reissued under Fath `Ali Shah by Ebrahim Khan Javanshir, governor of Panahabad in Shusheh (Nagorno-Karabakh).'" -- Matthee, Floow, Clawson (2013). The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars

http://www.academia.edu/19662114/The_Decline_of_Safavid_Iran_in_Comparative_Perspective <-- Matthee, Rudi (2015). The Decline of Safavid Iran in Comparative Perspective

Matthee, Rudi (2010). Was Safavid Iran and Empire?. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient: 53. pp. 233-265.

Ethnic diversity;

"In its ethnic make-up, the Safavid realm was more heterogenous than in its religious diversity. The country was populated by Persians, Turks, and Arabs, in addition to a multitude of smaller, less prominent groups such as Baluchis, Kurds, Lurs, Turkmen, Circassians, and Lezghis. Further ethno-religious diversity was introduced with the transfer of large numbers of Armenians and Georgians, from their ancestral homelands, which were annexed by Safavid Iran (...) The country's domestic Armenians formed a sizeable group (...)" -- p. 240

Language of culture from the Balkans to India;

"Persian was also the language of culture, above all of poetry--as it was for the entire area between the Balkans and the Deccan--where it functioned as a lingua franca." -- p. 244

Diminishing of influence of the Turkomans ;

"Beginning in the sixteenth century, the Safavids, seeking to curtail thepower and inﬂuence of the unruly tribal Turkman forces, introduced a new service elite without tribal ties consisting of Armenian, Georgian, and Circassian “slaves.” As said, these ghulams were given high-ranking positions in the military and the administration following their formal conversion to Islam. With a new identity came a new name. Many were named Rustam or Khusraw, names from the Shahnamah with links to the ancient mythical past." -- p. 245