User:Lovewhatyoudo/s18


 * This is the draft of a 40,000 byte of Exodus to Hong Kong

Exodus to Hong Kong (Chinese: 逃港), refer to one to two million of Chinese refugees entering British Hong Kong with peak years 1949-51, 1957, 1962, 1972 and 1979, as a haven of the Maoist China. The exodus, chiefly by crossing the Shenzhen river, is often compared to the climbing of the Berlin Wall.

, or in geranal, comparing the illegal immigration between East-West Germany and Hong Kong-China.
 * (Great Chinese Famine) 在华南地区，广东人口死亡比例较低，与大批粤人迁往香港有关. 另外，由于广东省居民与香港居民之间的紧密关系，大饥荒中，来自香港的食品对于广东居民渡过难关帮助甚大. 广东、广西两省人口死亡比例的差异，与历史时期的战争或灾荒无关.


 * The first job assigned to the developers of the Shekou port was to bury the bodies washed ashore.


 * Two Chinas (Dr Edward Hambro) complicated refugee status


 * 蔡可风说，粗略的计算，逃往香港的每100个大陆人中，大概30%的逃亡者能获得成功，60%的人失败被抓回，5～10%的逃亡者死在中港边界的山上、或海里、或被狼狗咬、或被机枪扫射，按这个比例算，从50年代到70年代，有上万逃亡小民因此丧生. ......广东人把这种水路偷渡称为“督卒”，借用象棋术语，意即“有去无回”.
 * early interview in 2011
 * early interview in 2011


 * 《新報》由父親負責馬經版，我常要替父親把稿件送到《新報》. 《新報》於1959 年創辦，與台灣政府有密切連繫，「逃亡潮」一起，《新報》除報道有關事件外，還運送物資到邊境接濟被遣返的大陸同胞. 有幾次，我到《新報》上環的辦事處時，看見大堆大堆的物資，如麵包、食米、衣服、日用品等，塞滿整個辦公室，等待工作人員把物品搬上貨車運往邊境. (author=人民入境審裁處)


 * Names
 * colloquially the "Chinese refugees in Hong Kong",


 * 1958 年時有一個移民潮，不少中國人來古巴，當中很多是先從中國去香港，再從香港來古巴的，因為中國局面混亂，這些人先去了香港. 他們的想法、觀念和以前的華僑移民不同. 當


 * Unused source:


 * 七十年代末，我曾在廣州盤桓大半個月，那時候的廣州，全城滔滔皆在議論如何偷渡往港澳，全不避人耳目. 珠江裡載沉載浮，游人如過江之鲫，皆是在苦練偷渡本領. 如有消息傳來，某家某人已成功抵港，大家皆羡慕不已，爭往道賀，順便打聽一下成功的秘訣. 其家人所享的榮耀，古時候中舉中進士也不過如此. 一到晩上，廣州市面上一些上襠次的酒家飯店經常有一家人聚餐者，年輕者情緒亢奮，大杯飲酒，大口吃菜，年長者强作歡顏，卻食不甘味，時不時拿手帕拭淚. 廣州的朋友告訴我，這是準備偷渡者的“慶功宴”，若是成功，他們的家人還會來慶祝一番，若是被逮住送回，再試一次便是，若是一去杳如黄鹤，這就是生離死别的最後晚餐了. //當時偷渡大致有三条途徑：一，包條漁船，這種偷渡相對安全，但費用高昂，動輒需數萬元，不是普通人所能負擔得起，往往是十數人集資才能成行. 二，游泳渡海，風險極大，體力不支者往往葬身大海，途中還有可能遇到鲨魚. 當時廣州巿場上的救生衣、救生圈一律無貨，連自行车内胎，籃球内膽也是没得賣. 但是，毛主席說過：「卑賤者最聰明，人民群眾的智慧是無窮的. 」有人竟然想出編織密眼的尼龙袋，裝上两袋乒乓球，綁在身上，借助它的浮力向着璀璨的方向奮力游去（偷渡者跟我说，根本不用什麼指南针，香港那邊的夜空是亮的，只要向那个方向游去，萬無一失，當然你得有足够的體力. ）三，陸路偷渡，自知泳術欠佳者多走此路. 先是想方設法到禁區附近潜伏起来，乘夜色翻山越嶺，到了邊境還得剪开两層鐵絲網.


 * “督卒”成了广州话里的流行讲法. 这是借象棋里卒子过河，比喻游泳去香港. ...离开广州之前，翟格经常上茶馆听人讲“督卒”的门道，花两块钱买了张号称是日本鬼子留下的军用地图，上面画着边境一带的山岭、河溪和主要道路. .....不知多少卒友摔下悬崖，或者让民兵开枪打中，被边防军的狼狗咬伤，叫海里的鲨鱼咬死，被大浪吞没. //1971年，拦截偷渡的防线在澳头，第二年向北推到永湖. 警察还在广州的车站和码头抓人，看见可疑的青年就搜，找到下海游泳的东西，就把人送进收容站. 于是，靠近边界的知青又多了一桩差事：帮路途远的卒友准备物资，省得他们一上路就被逮住，出师未成关局子. 帮人准备偷渡物资在粤语里叫“扔堆”，大概是帮人扎堆逃跑的意思. 装备是标准的：一个铝制的绿水壶、一双帆布解放鞋、一个帆布背包，里头是够吃十多天的花生油炒面粉. 价钱也统一：三十块一份. 帮忙的赚一些差价，留着自己上路用. 需要“扔堆”的卒友将鞋码和数量之类要求托人带过来. 翟格那边的知青到县城去买水壶、军鞋和帆布包. 粮店里的面粉和花生油要凭粮票和油票. 知青跟农民一样，是农村户口，收成后分实物，没有粮油票. 翟格他们只能到自由市场买高价面粉和食油，回住处用小火慢慢炒. 弄得了，搁到路边相熟的农民家里，让订货的家伙自己去取. //在路途上，边防军和民兵一般不会开枪打死人. 但卒友到了海边，就被认为是确定无疑的“叛国投敌”，喝令“站住”还不停，那就开枪往死里打. /月光明亮，开阔的海滩万物尽现，一览无遗. 这对偷偷开溜的人绝不是好事. 农民同情知青，一般都肯帮忙. /那时篮球是牛皮做的. 翟格把它割开，掏出里头的橡胶内胆，在海里用绳子拖在身后，准备有抽筋之类意外，就作为依靠. 看到边防军的巡逻艇，他连忙解开橡皮筋，把球胆的气放掉，整个人沉到水下.


 * 深圳作協副主席的陳秉安曾是深圳特區報記者...並未如作者所言在一九八○年中國改革開放後就結束，....作者寫到八○年為止，我相信不是故意視而不見，而是為大陸目前的政治環境所不許可. /Book review of 陳秉安


 * Hong Kong food/cloth assistance to Shenzhen


 * Important concepts: 政治邊防 (during Cultural Revolution, raised by Lin Biao, around 1966-1967)


 * In Chinese documents at the time, the nature is colloquially known as 外逃 (flee abroad), 偷渡 (illegal immigration)


 * English source:

Window with South Wind

 * 在广东，南向的房子最舒服，老百姓用“南风窗”暗喻广州南面的香港和澳门，是一扇广州人眺望风景无限好的南风窗，尤其在大饥荒后经济紧张时，珠三角一带居民前后三十年间有赖从港澳获得外汇、食物、衣物、药物等接济，大家都很羡慕“家里开了南风窗”的人家. 其次，在广州可以偷听到香港、澳门的广播，当时所有的天线都对着香港. 它是很多人在上世纪末的精神食粮. 因此，对比大陆官方把港澳的精神及物质影响斥为“香风臭气之毒害”，人们虽不敢反驳，却用“南风窗”比喻港澳，是他们内心所孜孜以求的救助通道.


 * 鄉間改變不大, 改變得比較大的, 是有親人在港定時匯款回鄉. 由於有外匯, 這些人成了鄉間令人羨幕的一群. [...]阿明在鄉間出現, 就是一個很多人都渴望得到的南風窗, 阿明今次回鄉, 目的是找老婆.


 * 「南風窗」的角色，血緣親屬的相連. 在鳥散的年代，卻又凸顯幾十年來民間在個人層面，對國內親友那不離不棄的情義.


 * 到了改革开放之初，广州人从香港亲戚口中听到从塑料雨衣、威化饼到喇叭裤、日立双喇叭卡式录音机、电视机到不用手洗衣服的洗衣机，感觉非常新鲜. 年轻女孩子希望嫁个香港人成为一种时尚，“开南风窗”，梦想从此人生改变.

Closing the border: 1950-51
The Border of British Hong Kong, separating it from Bao'an County, was effectively non-existent in the era of Qing dynasty and Republic of China (1912-1949) as no restrictions on freedom of movement were imposed. Hence, it has always been a haven for those fleeing the skirmishes of Chinese warlords. See the population history of Hong Kong for details.

As the Maoist China isolated itself from the capitalist bloc, Guangdong's social and economic ties with British Hong Kong caught suspicion by the communist authorities. In February 1951, during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, Guangdong effectively closed the border by requiring exit permits and reentry permits. This was intended to "hold onto former Nationalist sympathizers and/or officials and to restrict the movement of those disappointed with the policies of the Communist government." From 1949 to June 1957, British Hong Kong has already taken 700,000 refugees. Then, the refugee wave started in July 1957.

1957
The flood-famine in Northern Guangdong in Spring 1957 led to a wave of refugees in July 1957. Thousands of hunger gathered at the border since February claiming to "seek relatives". Among those were farmers opposing the collectivization of Chinese agriculture. Hongkongers, seeing the scenes on newspaper, felt pity and brought food across the border, whose political impact worried the Guangdong officials. On 29 June 1957, the Guangdong committee of Chinese Communist Party authorized the Bao'an County to let the hunger get across the border.


 * 1957年東南亞和歐美國家不願接受中國難民

1962
The wave of 1962 were mostly the hunger fleeing the Great Chinese Famine, which 15-55 millions perished by different statistics. The New York Times reports "In the period of one month, 80,000 men, women and children evaded border patrols and found haven here. The total number of Chinese to enter Hong Kong in 1962 is estimated at 140,000. [...] The total of refugees entering the colony from 1950 through 1963 is about 1,160,000."


 * with unconfirmed reports of cannibalism outbreaks in South China.
 * with unconfirmed reports of cannibalism outbreaks in South China.


 * At the same time as hundreds of millions of Chinese were starving under disastrous economic management, Hong Kong was embracing a booming manufacturing industry with a rising demand for workers. This hungry army of peasants satisfied a rising city's appetite for cheap labor.


 * Both governments sometimes tacitly turned an official blind eye to "state betrayal" and "illegal immigration."


 * 1962 as reported on 光明日報社


 * 香港浸會大學黃文江教授指，1962年香港新聞報導三年大饑荒，香港市民明白災民流边逃荒是為了生存，觸發了香港市民的善心，積極接濟. 黃文江回憶有大學教授逢周末駕車到香港深圳邊界附近，把已越界的逃港者接送至香港市區，省得他們再走40公里.

1972
The wave of 1972 were mostly sent-down youths fleeing the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.


 * Ma Sichong, head of Central Conservatory of Music, 因不堪迫害，于1967年经深圳水域偷渡香港并转赴美国定居，是掀起知青逃港潮的导火索
 * “督卒”是“文革”前广东人使用的暗语，意思与普通话中的“拱卒”差不多. 逃港者都是下层百姓，在中国这个政经大棋盘中，他们是地位最卑微，生 命最廉价，随时可能被牺牲掉的小卒子. 为了逃避土改，为了吃饱肚子，或者只是为了一家团圆，他们投奔怒海. 一旦走上偷渡之路，他们就像棋盘上的小卒子一 样，只能拱前，不能退后. 海水无情，边防无义，死人的事是经常发生的. 一旦过了“楚河”，这些小卒子就成了车马炮，获得了新的人生.

1979
The wave of 1979 were trigged by rumours that Queen Elizabeth II will open the Hong Kong border for three days. The year of 1979 also marked the beginning of the Chinese economic reform.

Population characteristics
The UN High Commissioner for Refugees appointed a survey mission. Dr. Edvard Hambro, head of the mission, wrote, "Some may not be refugees in the legal sense but are in the broader sociological and humanitarian sense. [...] The author, in visiting Arab camps en route to the Far East, was struck with the similarity of the psychological, social, political and economic problems confronting the refugees in the Near East and in Hong Kong."

A report in 1958 by the Hong Kong government wrote, "Previously the ebb and flow of the working population was closely aligned to the economic opportunities in Hong Kong and China. The refugees [in 1957], however, have shown no desire to return to the mainland, even though Hong Kong is unable to offer to all the prospect of earning a reasonable living."

PRC's portrayal of Hong Kong
According to the official document Hong Kong - Hell on Earth distributed among Communist Party members in the 1950s, the British colony was: "the world's most licentious city; controlled by underground forces; the largest base for drug production and trafficking; and, had high suicide rates." The People's Daily in 1962 sent veteran reporter Li Zhuang to investigate these horrors behind the colonial curtain. Li followed the route of illegal immigrants to Hong Kong, but was immediately impressed by work-ing lives filled with momentum: a completely contradictory picture to the headstrong condemnations. An astonished Li sent four comprehensive reports for internal reference to high-ranking officials.

total number
Some 560,000 residents from 62 cities and counties in 12 different provinces on the Chinese mainland flooded to Hong Kong as illegal immigrants between 1949 and 1974, according to some 12,000 documents released by the Guangdong Provincial Archives Bureau on April 1, 2007. The real figure is two or three times higher, disclosed writer Chen Bing'an who spent 22 years interviewing refugees and published The Great Exodus to Hong Kong on August 20 [in 2013]. Yet even accepting the official figures, they compare unfavorably with 5,043 East Germans climbing the Berlin Wall or tens of thousands of North Koreans crossing the Yalu River to the prefecture-level Chinese city of Dandong.

Some mainland media outlets and scholars say that about 560,000 residents from 62 cities and counties in 12 provinces escaped to Hong Kong between 1949 and 1974, according to documents released by the Guangdong archives bureau. Some Hong Kong media put the figure at about 700,000 people. But I found, by spending two decades interviewing refugees and researching a large amount of historical material scattered throughout the country, the real figure to be two to three times higher. Most of those who escaped were young, strong peasants, leaving behind their old and under-age family members in deserted villages in Guangdong. Others included city dwellers, students, educated youths, workers, soldiers and officials. The shortest and most popular escape route was to swim from the Shekou area of Shenzhen to Yuen Long in [northwest] Hong Kong. But it was also dangerous and often fatal, through drowning or being shot dead by People’s Liberation Army soldiers. There was even a job in Shenzhen that involved helping officials collect and bury the bodies of the countless people who failed to make it.
 * Most refugees were young and strong male peasants, leaving behind the old, under-age and physically vulnerable groups in deserted villages, according to a 1971 report by the public security bureau of Bao'an county, cradle of Shenzhen. Others included city dwellers, students, educated youth, workers, soldiers and officials. Many were Communist Party members.


 * The runaways were all good people who had been physically and spiritually tortured. To them, Hong Kong meant freedom, food and a future. They were humble and willing to bear the burden of hard labour; they forged the backbone of the working class in Hong Kong.


 * President Carter, how many Chinese do you want to take?


 * Anedotes of dying river crossers

The route

 * 黃東漢says, Many used tires and foam," he says. "More creatively, they inflated condoms or strung together hundreds of pingpong balls.


 * another testimony. 星期日檔案 大逃港(上)(2012年11月11日)：退休水警駱德志，1970年代初把守大鵬灣一帶. 他說偷渡客多利用物件幫忙：「譬如吹氣枕頭、波膽、汽球，甚至有避孕套，那年代計劃生育，拿避孕套很容易，把避孕套吹脹集中，浮力很大. 」


 * Wu Junjie, former director of the Guangdong Provincial Publicity Department, remembers migrants carried tiger excretion to repel guard dogs. Those who wanted to avoid surveillance sometimes put watermelon rinds on their head like a mask, leaving only two holes for the eyes
 * 鳳凰衛視 冷暖人生：逃港者(2013年1月8日)：退休水警駱德志遍訪媒體記者和當年同事，搜集更多逃港珍貴資料：「偷渡者從後海灣游過來，遇水退是一片蠔田，以為陸地站下來，浮泥束住腳，水漲時淹死很多，很恐怖. 」

Poem and Music

 * Lew Mon-hung, a trader and CPPCC delegate, said "During swimming, I encouraged myself with quotations from Chairman Mao that 'a man should be determined, fearless and fight against all odds.' [下定决心，不怕牺牲，排除万难，争取胜利]


 * p.370, citing Huang He poem

Terminology

 * 篤卒: literally "Finger-pushing a pawn". In Chinese chess, one uses a finger to push a pawn across the middle line, known as the "Chu's river and Han's border". Then the pawn is free to move left and right.

Founding of Shenzhen
The outcry from people who left their homeland at the cost of life and blood awakened Chinese authorities at the crossroads," Chen says, "and ultimately forged the country's opening-up.

A widely cited bitter remembrance by a Shenzhen elder went, "You wrote the phrase Gaige kaifang with pencil, we wrote it with blood!" ['改革开放'这4个字，你们是用笔写的，我们是用血写的]

Portrayal in China
Shenzhen-Bao'an Labor Museum described "It has become a phenomenon for the young, local labour force to covertly getting to Hong Kong and getting employed there."

External link

 * Comprehensive account / Monograph


 *  ISBN 9787802081032


 *  First edition released in January 2011, same publisher, ISBN 9789881991133.


 * Autobiography of the escape adventures
 *  The second-installment is reprinted as
 *  Better known as part of the trilogy 狂飙年代三部曲. The author publishes the e-book free on


 * Interviews of the Exodused about their escape
 * Newspaper interview


 * 






 * Extensive account




 *  Also available in Chinese as Both translated from French:


 * 


 *  Reprinted as


 *  Among the 23 interviews in the book, 7 were released free on:


 * News report




 *  Following a reenactment in Episode 2 of the TV drama Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads in 2014, this article got a Chinese translation. First appeared as:, then appeared as:


 * 星島環球網-大逃港
 * 羊城晚報


 * Movie
 * Lost Souls [打蛇], 1980, Hong Kong, directed by Mou Tun-fei. The movie reenacts the violence and rape among gangsters handling the water passage.
 * Tao Gang Zhe [逃港者], 1987, China, directed by Zhang Liang.


 * Short fiction


 * Compiled as:


 * Documentary
 * Hong Kong
 * Sunday Report [星期日檔案], 2-part Episode series "Exodus to Hong Kong" [大逃港], 11 and 18 November 2012, TVB.


 * LegCo Review [議事論事], Episode "立法會拉布戰；大逃港五十周年；飛哥與你嘉賓－夏佳理", 18 May 2012, aired on RTHK and ATV Home. Producer: 馬占威, Guests: 梁林榮, 陳秉安, 劉夢雄, 張宇德, 關鎮威, 黃東漢.


 * Shenzhen


 * Phoenix Panorama [凤凰大视野], 19-23 November 2007, Phoenix Chinese Channel. 5-part Episode series "Black Tide: An account of the 30 Troubled Years of the Exodus to Hong Kong" [黑潮：逃港三十年风波纪事], Leung Man-tao (host).


 * C'est La Vie [冷暖人生], Episode "The Communists Who Exodused to Hong Kong" [紅色逃港者], 25 February 2013, Phoenix Chinese Channel. Chen Xiaonan (host), Ouyang Dong (guest, 欧阳东). Synopsis see：


 * C'est La Vie [冷暖人生], 2-part Episode series "Those Exodused to Hong Kong" [逃港者], 1 and 8 January 2013, Phoenix Chinese Channel. Chen Xiaonan (host). Transcript see：


 * Memory of Southern Canton [南粤纪事], 24 September 2011, Phoenix Chinese Channel. Yang Shu [楊舒, host]. Transcript see：


 * TV drama


 * <cite id="RTHK 1984">香江歲月, 23 September 1984, <cite id="RTHK 2014">RTHK, Hong Kong. Episode 8 reenacts how the police chase after the border crossers in 1962. Rerun as episode 14 of 歷史回望, 29 May 2014, RTHK podcast, featuring commentary by 譚家齊, 黃文江 and 麥勁生, all three were professors at Hong Kong Baptist University.


 * Shenzhen Bay [深圳灣], 2008, Guangdong Satellite, China. Episode 2 reenacts the scene of escape.


 * Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads, August 2014, CCTV-1, China. Episode 2 reenacts the scene of "扑网" in 1976.


 * My Year of 1997, 2017, CCTV-1, China. Episodes 1-3 reenact the scene of how sent-down youths in Inner Mongolia took a water passage to Hong Kong in 1976.


 * Gallery