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Pool suction drain injury, also known as suction entrapment, occurs when the drain of a wading pool or swimming pool suck in a swimmer's jewelry, torso, limbs, hair or buttocks. Evisceration, also known as disembowelment, could happen in case of buttock entrapment. A standard 8 inch main drain exerts 350 pounds of pressure, which would hold the person in water in tight grip until either the vacuum valve is broken, or the person drowns, defying the rescue efforts of multiple adults.



Academic research
A wealth of case files and academic research arise the 1990s.


 * will have to be fed intravenously for the rest of her life and receive all of the nutrients usually obtained from the intestine via IV fluids.


 * The swimming pool and spa industry has been well aware of these risks since the late 1970s,” says Robert T. Hall, an attorney for Nancy and James Baker IV, Graeme’s parents.

Causes
Suction entrapment: torso, limb, hair, jewelry, clothes, buttocks. The worst is buttocks - Evisceration happens when the victim’s buttocks come into contact with the pool suction outlet and he or she is disemboweled).

How it started
Children are fascinated with the current created by a swimming pool’s circulation system, often sticking their hands or feet in its path just for the thrill of feeling the powerful force of the suction. Litigators like to refer to such a thing as an “attractive nuisance doctrine.” That “nuisance” is compounded by the aging of America’s pools, inconsistent construction standards and millions of unaware consumers. Occasionally, drain covers break, or are removed by people who don’t know the possible repercussions. When this happens, a swimmer playing with the drain can become stuck to the outlet much the way the hose of a vacuum cleaner sticks to your palm.

Why the trapped can't get out
The force of a pool’s suction can be tremendous: 350 pounds of pressure for an 8-inch main drain with a standard pump. This “suction entrapment” will hold the bather in its grip until either the vacuum is broken, or he or she drowns, defying the rescue efforts of onlookers. According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the pressure on some pool drains can be as strong as 300 pounds per square inch. This kind of pressure can suck in hair or body parts, or trap swimmers underwater and cause them to drown, even if someone is trying to pull a victim away from the drain. “This could literally be happening if you’re holding your child’s hand,” said Bob Bennett, the lawyer. “These filtration systems are meant to be covered and secure. You don’t think the filtration system will literally tear your organs from your body, and it’s not a risk your child would understand.”

Medical consequence

 * A 2005 report by the Consumer Product Safety Commission warned that if a child sits on an uncovered pool drain, the suction can rupture the rectum and “eviscerate [disembowel] the child” in seconds. ....... screwed down or are almost impossible to lift off, said Bob Bierscheid, the city's Parks and Recreation director. But if a drain cover somehow twisted free, he added, the entire pool system would shut down.

Prevention
The industry lacks consistent, nationwide training requirements for pool building and maintenance. Solutions:


 * the elimination of single-source suction. Remember the vacuum cleaner hose mentioned earlier? Imagine there are two hoses connected to the same motor, and one is covered by your palm. Air would travel through the other hose, interrupting the suction to your hand. The same concept can be applied to pools by building dual main drains instead of a single one.
 * Another solution lies in a number of safety vacuum release systems, aka SVRS. These devices are designed to shut off the pump when they sense an excessive vacuum buildup.
 * Finally, there are anti-entanglement drain covers, a type of fitting that is molded in a particular way to prevent hair entanglement.

Statistics is unreliable
But the reality is that solid data revealing the true extent of suction entrapment would go a long way .... The Consumer Product Safety Commission, the federal agency charged with gathering such data, says its numbers are not completely reliable. This is due to a lack of awareness on the part of emergency personnel, who often report entrapment casualties simply as drowning victims. ....... Pat Taaffe, an engineer with the Cedar Hammock Fire Department in Bradenton, Fla., says a majority of rescue workers just aren’t savvy about the suction entrapment issue. “The personnel in my company didn’t know about [suction entrapment] until about two years ago,” he explains. “In the past, we would have reported it as a drowning or near-drowning.”......In the wake of tragedy, the physician will likely name the cause of death as “drowning” without much attention paid to what caused the accident in the first place. .....Jacquie Elder, the CPSC’s assistant executive director for hazard identification and reduction, notes that most of the data is anecdotal, so the numbers are probably low. ....Even though these figures are relatively low, it’s clear the problem is underreported.
 * Between January 1985 and March 2002, there were 147 confirmed, recorded suction entrapment incidences, according to Consumer Product Safety Commission records. 51 of those were hair entanglement, 79 body or limb entrapments (including three eviscerations), four mechanical and 13 unknown. Of the 147 incidences, 36 resulted in deaths.


 * Between 1990 and 2007, 170 people have been caught in drains and 27 of them have died.

United States

 * Valerie Lakey, 1993, North Carolina. She received a $25 million settlement. This is a landmark case of lawyer (later Senator) John Edwards.


 * Virginia Graeme Baker, 2002. Granddaughter of former Secretary of State James Baker. The Congress passed a pool safety act under her name in 2008.


 * Abigail Taylor, 2007, Minnesota.


 * Salma Bashir, Egypt.


 * 吴继盛, Macau, China.


 * France