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Howard Atwood Kelly (February 20, 1858 – January 12, 1943), M.D., L.L.D, was an American male gynecologist. He obtained his B.A. degree and M.D. degree from the University of Pennsylvania. He, William Osler, William Halsted, and William Welsch together are known as the "Big Four," the founding professors at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. He is credited with establishing gynecology as a specialty by developing new surgical approaches to gynecological diseases and pathological research. He also developed several medical innovations, including the improved cystoscope, Kelly's Clamp, Kelly's Speculum, and Kelly's forceps. Because Kelly was a famous prohibitionist and Fundamentalist Christian, many of his contemporaries expressed skepticism towards his medical professionalism.

Early Life and Education
Howard Kelly was born in Camden, New Jersey as the son of Henry Kuhl Kelly and Louisa Warner (Hard) Kelly. His family had a history in politics (Kelly's father's great grandfather, Michael Hillegas, was the first Treasurer of the United States), business, real estate and civil service, but Howard Kelly was the first to obtain achievement in medicine. He was raised with strong religious influence from his parents, especially his mother. Later he recalled, "I owe my real start in life to my mother, who began to teach me the Bible." During the Civil War, when his father was at the war front serving as a lieutenant in the 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, young Howard Kelly spent his free time observing the nature and studying the Bible with her mother in Chester, a small town 15 miles southwest of Philadelphia. In the fall of 1867, Howard Kelly entered the Faires Classical Institute. There, he developed an interest in languages, biology, natural science, and botany. In 1873, at age 15, he started his undergraduate education at the University of Pennsylvania. During his college years, he was the president of the Franklin Scientific Society. At the age of 17, he became a member of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. He received his B.A. degree in 1877.

Medical Education
After graduating with a B.A. in 1877, he enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania's medical school. At the medical school, he became interested in anatomy, and in 1882, he graduated with the Anomaly Prize from the Demonstrator of Morbid Anatomy. He received his M.D. degree in 1882 and began his residency at the Episcopal Hospital at Kensington, Pennsylvania. During his residency, he opened a small hospital five miles away from downtown Kensington because there was yet a place for gynecology as a specialty in the Episcopal Hospital. He rented rooms in a two-story house in a working district. He saw patients during the day and slept on a sofa at night with a string tied to his toe so that whenever there was a tug on the spring, he would be woken up to provide medical assistance. Kelly not only provided aid at this small clinic but also went to patients' homes for operations. Later, assisted by a group of Philadelphia philanthropist women, he was able to afford to move the hospital to Norris Square, where he could afford an operating room. This little hospital later became the Kensington Hospital for Women, the sixth women's hospital in the United States. There, he created the Kelly stitch that lifted the retroflexed uterus to the anterior abdominal wall and also applied aseptic techniques. In addition to that, he also performed the first successful C-section in Philadelphia. Thus, he earned his reputation as an innovator in surgical techniques and as a dexterous surgeon. From 1886 to 1888, Kelly traveled to Europe to observe abdominal and pelvic surgeons at work. He visited England, Scotland, and Germany. When he was Leipzig in 1886, he was introduced to the palpation of female ureters in their lower pelvic portions by Max Saenger. In Berlin in 1888, he worked with pathologist Rudolf Virchow to determine the best way to catheterize ureters from an anatomical standpoint. Then, in Prague in 1888, he observed Czech physician Parel Pawlik catheterizing ureters using a glass-partitioned speculum, who also later enlightened him to create air cystoscopy. In 1888, he returned to the University of Pennsylvania, to become an associate professor of obstetrics under the recommendation of William Osler, who dubbed him the "Kensington colt" because of his young age.

Medical Career at Hopkins
In 1889, William Osler enlisted Howard Atwood Kelly as chair of gynecological surgery of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. As one of the founding chairs of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Howard Atwood Kelly became part of The Big Four, four men who were known as the founding faculty of the medical school. These four men consisted of William Steward Halsted, William Osler, and William H. Welch, and Howard Atwood Kelly, the youngest founding chair. Furthermore, after three years in Baltimore, Kelly founded the Howard A. Kelly Hospital, which was active until 1938. Kelly was not only known for his dexterous hands but also for his charitable heart. At the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Kelly didn’t require his patients to pay for surgical fees. However, in his private practice, he charged a significant amount for his surgical and medical services.

Medical Achievements
In the early 1890s, Howard Atwood Kelly pursued the field of urogynecology and developed new surgical techniques to improve surgery for his patients. He is known for establishing gynecology as its own field of study. Kelly first learned about different organs such as the bladder, and with this foundation of knowledge, he was able to catheterize ureters using air cystoscopy. His application of cystoscopy to catheterize ureters was one of the first usages of endoscopy in this field. Other innovations included Kelly's stitch, surgical clamp, and speculum.

To promote safety during surgery, Kelly used nitrous oxide for anesthesia, absorbable sutures during operations, and electrical lights for better lighting during surgery. He was also one of the first surgeons to use an operating suit, clothing made up of sterilized linens. Additionally, in order to minimize the possibility of wound infection, he invented the wound sealing procedure. First, he soaked two layers of sterilized gauze with celluloid and bichloride to secure the dressing to the skin. Then, he dusted the surface with iodoform and boric acid powder. Finally, until the stitches were removed, the wound was not exposed.

During the late 1890s, Kelly became interested in gynecological cancers. To reduce bleeding for cervical and endometrial cancers, he ligated the internal iliac artery, a technique that would come to be used in postpartum hemorrhages. Kelly also dabbled with the use of radium in 1904. He used the radium to treat uterine hemorrhages and fibroid tumors and published these techniques in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1914. Additionally, in 1917, his own clinic had about 5.5 grams of radium and was one of the country’s leading centers for radiation therapy for cancer treatment at the time.

Medical Innovation

 * Gynecology — One of Kelly's most important innovations was the establishment of gynecology as a specialty. In the past, there only existed general surgery, while specialties were only doctors' private investigations. However, Kelly, through his publication of Operative Gynecology, established a systematic approach to gynecological medicine and surgery.


 * Kelly's sign — Because ureters prefer adhering to the peritoneum instead of maintaining its normal position along the psoas muscle during operations, it is crucial to differentiate the ureters from other tissues. Kelly's sign is a technique of applying gentle pressure to the ureters to cause peristalsis, or worm-like muscle contraction to identify the ureter.
 * Air cystoscope — When Kelly was observing Czech physician Parel Pawlik, he came up with the idea that instead of using water distension of the bladder and a glass lens, by putting the patient in the knee-chest position, an air cystoscope can be used to distend the bladder with air and visualize the interior of the bladder. Throughout the 1890s, Kelly kept improving his air cystoscope. The final product and procedure he published as such:
 * 1) The perfected cystoscope consists of a cylinder with a certain diameter and about 8 centimeters in length with a handle that can be firmly grasped with a smooth surface on the obturator to ensure a smooth introduction.
 * 2) The patient's urethra is dilated with successive sizes of dilators after anesthesia using a 5% solution of cocaine.
 * 3) The cystoscope is cleaned and sterilized with boric acid and cotton.
 * 4) The patient is placed in a knee-breast position.
 * 5) The obturator is first introduced and then with a finger stabilizing the obturator, the speculum is also introduced. Then the obturator is immediately withdrawn.
 * 6) As long as the patient is in a position of elevated hips, the bladder will be more or less dilated with air. Thus, by wearing some sort of illumination device on the head, the doctor can examine the interior of the bladder.
 * Kelly speculum — A rectal speculum, tubular in shape and fitted with an obturator. There is also Kelly's small cylindrical specular, in which Nos.12-15 in the cystoscopic set are specially designed for virgins.


 * Kelly's forceps (Kelly's Clamp) – Kelly's forceps are curved hemostatic forceps that resemble a pair of scissors. Instead of sharp teeth or the blade of scissors, these forceps have blunt grips. They are used to clamp vessels to control blood flow and are arguably among the most common and best known surgical instruments. In his Operative Gynecology, Kelly describes their value as having jaws longer than usual that are gently curved and tips able to grasp the tissue before the first shoulder is reached. There are also subcategories like the tenaculum forceps and the alligator forceps.
 * Kelly's Plication (Kelly's Operation, Kelly's Stitch): Kelly's Plication is frequently used in treating SUI, or stress urinary inconsistence. SUI is caused by the relaxation of tissues around the base and neck of the bladder and near the urethra. The procedure is applied to the vesical neck in the anterior vaginal repair and goes as follow: first, an incision is made in the anterior vaginal wall. Then, urethropexy is performed to support the urethra by placing two sutures, one near the urethral meatus into the pubo cervical fascia on the left and on the right to form a U shape and the other underneath the first one to regain the normal urethra position.

Medical Illustration
While Kelly was writing his book Operative Gynecology, he collaborated with the father of medical illustration, Max Broedel. Originally, Franklin P. Mall had invited Broedel to use his services, but due to his lack of time, Mall extended Broedel's services to Kelly. In Baltimore, Kelly and Broedel worked alongside each other such that Kelly would conduct his surgeries and Broedel would compose stereographic photographs known as "Stereo Clinics." These detailed images of Kelly's gynecological operations would be published later on for use by students and surgeons in Operative Gynecology (1896 and 1906) and Medical Gynecology (1908). Howard Atwood Kelly even remarked that one of his greatest contributions to medicine was bringing Max Broedel to Baltimore. However, Kelly also possessed the ability to draw vivid sketches and explain concepts with simple, comprehensible diction. Most importantly, Kelly encouraged Broedel to investigate the topic by himself and often extended deadlines for his illustrations to allow him time for independent research. Later on, he would also invite Hermann Becker and August Horm to join the illustration team.

Educator
Kelly influenced not only the surgical field but also the field of academia as well. As the first professor of gynecology, Kelly established a leading training program in gynecology, through which Kelly raised future leaders in the fields of gynecology and medicine. Having felt constrained by his early residency education, Kelly decided to present all possible opportunities to his interns to ensure that they receive what he thought to be the best education possible. Accordingly, Kelly placed heavy responsibilities on the hospital staff, especially on his own interns and assistants. Not only did he encourage his interns to go abroad and observe, but he also subsidized some of his assistants to publish their work. He opposed teaching through lecturing and performing operations in a big amphitheater because he felt that students could see very little of the procedure. While the students benefited very little, the patients were also intimidated by the group of medical students. Instead, he emphasized listening carefully to the patients, making careful observations, and memorizing the operations. Thus, students with exceptional interests in gynecology under him have had the opportunity to investigate in laboratory work, examine the patients, and listen to patients' reports of their symptoms. William T. Howard Jr., one of Kelly's residents praised his method of instruction: "Throughout the operation, in a running talk, he described each procedure, and in abdominal cases, what he found, and what he intended to do at each step and why. Whenever practicable, he let the students and visitors view each step."

By the time he reached the end of his career, Kelly had written over 550 articles and books that covered subjects such as appendectomy, the use of radium, electrosurgery, urogynecology, and ureteral catheterization. Additionally, he also had publications about medical history, religion, astronomy, geology, theology, herpetology, and botany.

FamiIy
In 1889 Danzig, Germany, Howard Atwood Kelly married a German woman named Olga Elizabeth Laetitia Bredow, daughter of Doctor Justus Bredow. Together, they spent a honeymoon in Paris, France. In Baltimore, they raised nine children together in a five-story, eight-bedroom home with a 100,000-volume library. Additionally, since Kelly was a devout follower, he taught his children in accordance with the Episcopal faith. Out of the nine children that they had together, only Edmund Kelly went on to study in the field medicine.

Naturalist
Kelly’s mother would take him, from an early age, on walks through nature that would come to cultivate his interest in the environment and his enjoyment of nature and animals. In his own home, he not only collected several dozen cages filled with different types of reptiles but also observed variations of exotic snakes. Not only did Kelly observe his reptiles, but he also learned how to handle rattlesnakes and harvest their venom to the extent that he became able to teach others. Later on in his career, Kelly received the title of Honorary Curator by The Division of Reptiles and Amphibians at the University of Michigan. Not only was Kelly interested in reptiles, but he was also fascinated with mycology. His interest with mycology included mushroom identification, mycophagy, and research on mycologists. Similarly to collecting reptiles, Kelly collected a variety of different fungi and kept a list of species and observations. As time went on, Kelly would purchase numerous pieces of mycology literature, adding to his growing library. Later in 1924, with the help of Louis Krieger, Kelly also compiled The Catalogue of the Mycological Library of Howard Kelly (1924), with over 400,000 entries, an archive of artworks, 7000 titles on mushrooms, and replicas of fungi. In 1928, Kelly donated his library, paintings, and mycological collection to the Herbarium of the University of Michigan. This collection has been designated as The L. C. C. Krieger Mycological Library and Collections.

In his library filled with publications about fungi and reptiles, Kelly also had a collection of coins, mineral samples, Mexican pottery, oil lamps, and several shrunken heads. Furthermore, on the Ahmic Lake and the Magnetawan River, Kelly has his own log cabin. Not only was his library was well equipped, his log cabin was filled with microscopes, field glasses, and even his own telescope in his personal observatory. Additionally, his cabin roof had a seating area so that Kelly could observe the stars.

Religion
Kelly was devoted to the Episcopal faith. His religious life began with his mother teaching him about the Bible. As a teenager, Kelly would read the original Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible and even passed out New Testament scripture to his fellow peers, exhibiting his early attempts at evangelism. As an adult, Kelly kept the Sabbath, read the Bible daily, and wrote books about religion such as A Scientific Man and the Bible.

At the hospital, Kelly also held prayer meetings before every operation, and at home, Kelly gave lengthy sermons to his family members after their Sunday dinners. Furthermore, Kelly prepared sermons for all denominations when ministers or pastors became unavailable on Sundays and supported missionaries. In accordance with his faith, Kelly was a prohibitionist, opposed the usage of birth control, and endeavored to eliminate prostitution. He wanted to prevent people from being punished for sin and so even provided housing for former prostitutes who needed temporary lodging when they quit their practices and professed Christian beliefs.

One Baltimore columnist who was known for his attacks on anti-intellectualism, H.L. Mencken satirized Kelly's religious devotion: "Before cock-crow in the morning he has got out of bed, held a song and praise service, read two or three chapters in his Greek Old Testament, sung a couple of hymns, cut off six or eight legs, pulled out a pint of tonsils and eyeballs, relieved a dozen patients of their appendices, filled the gallstone keg in the corner, pronounced the benediction, washed up, filled his pockets with tracts, got into a high-speed automobile,...and started off at 50 miles an hour to raid a gambling house and close the red-light district in Emory Grove, Maryland."

Death
In Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, Howard Atwood Kelly and his wife Olga Elizabeth Laetitia Bredow died on January 12, 1943. Kelly passed away at 84 years old and his wife only six hours apart from each other. With a joint funeral at the Memorial Episcopal Church, the married couple was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland.

Recognition and Honors
Some of his awards:
 * Received the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Pennsylvania in 1907
 * Also from the University of Aberdeen, Washington College, Washington and Lee, and Johns Hopkins
 * Named an honorary fellow of universities in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dublin, London, Paris, Rome, Berlin, Leipzig, Bucharest, Vienna, Kiev, and Lima


 * Founding member of the American College of Surgeons in 1913
 * Named Honorary Curator by the Division Reptiles and Amphibians at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology in
 * Johns Hopkins Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service named after Howard Atwood Kelly


 * In 1943, a U.S. Liberty ship was christened the Howard A. Kelly.
 * Emeritus Professor of Gynecological Surgery at the Johns Hopkins University
 * The Howard A. Kelly Alumni Society was established to honor Howard Kelly by the physicians and alumni of the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department to appreciate his innovations and contributions in the practice and teaching of gynecology and obstetrics. The society aims to perpetuate his idea and continue to advance women's health care.
 * http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gynecology_obstetrics/about_us/kelly_alumni_society.html
 * Memberships to:
 * Order of Leopold, Belgium
 * Order of the Cross of Mercy, Serbia
 * Cross of Charity

Medical

 * Operative Gynecology (two volumes, 1899)


 * The Vermiform Appendix and its Diseases (1905, 1909)


 * Walter Reed and Yellow Fever (1906, 1907)
 * Medical Gynecology (1908)
 * Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery, with Charles P. Noble (1908)
 * Myomata of the Uterus, with T. S. Cullen (1909)
 * Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography (1912)
 * Diseases of the Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder, with C. F. Burnam, (two volumes, 1914)
 * American Medical Biographies with Walter L. Burrage (1920), 2nd edition of Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography
 * Gynecology (1928)
 * Dictionary of American Medical Biography: Lives of Eminent Physicians of the United States and Canada, from the Earliest Times (1928)

Naturalist

 * American Medical Botanists (1913)
 * Lafayette Houghton Bunnell, M.D., Discoverer of the Yosemite (1921)
 * Snakes of Maryland (1936)

Social

 * The Influence of Segregation upon Prostitution and upon the Public (1912)