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(Tori Chafian work starts here)

Homicide
Homicide is the killing of another individual. Homicide can be broken up into many degrees and classifications. Murder is a specific classification of homicide. Specific legal definitions of homicide can vary from state to state, or country to country. However, there are still three basic categories of homicide: justifiable, excusable, and criminal.

Murder
There are three general classifications and rankings of murder. The first is first-degree murder, which is committed with premeditation and deliberation, meaning that the offender thought about and planned. Second-degree murder refers to a murder that is not premeditated or deliberated. Felony murder refers to a murder that occurs in correspondence with another felony, such as a robbery.

Manslaughter
Manslaughter refers to a murder where there was no deliberation, premeditation, or malice involved in the act. This category of homicide can be broken into two subsets. Voluntary manslaughter, sometimes referred to as a crime of passion, is murder based on immediate impulse in a moment of passion or emotion. Involuntary manslaughter refers to the murder of someone due to an offender's reckless behavior, such as drunk driving.

Homicide
Homicide classifications encompass all types of homicide.


 * 1) Capital Murder: This is the result of a particularly heinous crime. The act is premeditated, deliberated, and intentional. An offender must be 18 or older to be charged with a capital murder. It's classified as a Class 1 Felony and can result in a sentence of life in prison or death.
 * 2) 1st Degree Murder: This type of crime is also intentional, premeditated, and deliberated, although it is separate from capital murder in that it is usually less severe of a crime. This type of crime can result in 20 years to a life sentence.
 * 3) 2nd Degree Murder: Second Degree Murder is not premeditated or planned, and can result in a sentence between 5 and 40 years. It is distinguished from voluntary manslaughter in that the person is able to discern between right and wrong, and is still reasonable. They do intend malice in this situation.
 * 4) Voluntary Manslaughter: Voluntary Manslaughter, or Crimes of Passion, are situations in which murder is committed with no premeditation, deliberation, or reasonable intention of malice. They occur in times with lack of reasoning or when a person is moved by strong emotion. Sentences vary widely.
 * 5) Involuntary Manslaughter: This occurs when a murder is committed due to reckless behavior with no premeditation, deliberation, or malice. An example would be DUIs in which someone other than the offender is killed. Charges and sentences vary.

More Classifications of Homicide
Homicide can either be expressive or instrumental

Expressive homicide refers to murder that are unplanned and come from fits of rage or emotion. Instrumental homicide refers to murders that are used as a means to an end or are conducted to reach a goal. An example would be murder during a robbery.

Multicides
Multicides, or the murder of multiple people, can be broken down into three different classifications: mass murder, spree murder, and serial murder.

Mass Murder
Mass murder is classified by the following characteristics:


 * 1) There are four or more victims in one general time frame
 * 2) The situation usually ends with the offender committing suicide

Spree Murder
Spree murder is classified by the following characteristics:


 * 1) No planning to occurrences
 * 2) Victims are unconnected strangers picked (mostly) at random
 * 3) Spree ends when killer is killed or put under arrest.

Spree murders are the least common of the three classifications of multicides.

Serial Murder
Serial murder is classified by the following characteristics:


 * 1) Involve multiple victims
 * 2) Occurrences take place on three separate occasions, characterized by cooling-off periods between each occurrence

Domestic Violence
Domestic violence usually occurs between a pair or partner of people, in the form of either familial violence or Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). It can range across any type of violence, whether it's physical, financial, emotional, sexual, or verbal.

Recording Domestic Violence
Recording domestic violence is usually dependent on victim reporting, therefore, statistics and numbers are usually an underestimate of reality. Victims can report occurrences reporting systems, which show less accurate numbers, or surveying systems, which show more accurate numbers, although still not exact.

Uniform Crime Reports
Uniform Crime Reports are dependent on victims reporting to the police. 50% of IPV altercations are reported to the police and there is no specific information recorded on the relationship between the victim and the offender.

National Crime Victimization Survey
This survey system interviews household members age 12 and above about domestic violence of all kinds.

National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey
This is a survey system through the Center for Disease Control. Members are 18 and older and are asked specific questions about their experiences and are not questioned as to who initiated altercations.

Stalking
Stalking involves "repeated visual or physical proximity, non-consensual communication, threats, or a combination thereof" that are repeated on at least two occasions. There are seven specific tactics used by stalkers:


 * 1) Hyperintimacy
 * 2) Mediated contact
 * 3) Interactional contact
 * 4) Surveillance
 * 5) Invasion
 * 6) Harassment or intimidation
 * 7) Coercion or threat

Rape and Sexual Assault
Rape and sexual assault are forced sexual action or coercion of sexual action onto a non-consenting or coerced person.