User:Ltwin/Sandbox Parliament of England

Parliament of England

Predecessors (pre-13th century)
Famous ordinance removing ecclesiastical pleas from the hundred courts.

What about colloquia as name of the Great Council?

Scutage was a feudal obligation, and the king did not need to consult his barons. The geld could be levied without consultation.

Early development (1216–1307)
The word parliament comes from the French parlement first used in the late 11th century with the meaning of "parley" or "conversation". In the mid-1230s, it became a common name for meetings of the great council. The word was first used with this meaning in 1236.

In the 13th century, parliaments were developing throughout north-western Europe. As a vassal to the King of France, English kings were suitors to the parlement of Paris. In the 13th century, the French and English parliaments were similar in their functions; however, the two institutions diverged in significant ways in later centuries.

Early meetings and membership
Reforms of 1234. Suppression of the justiciar. 3 common law courts were organised: king's bench, the common bench, and the exchequer court. The chancellor, treasurer, judges of the two benches, the barons of the exchequer, and other ministers of the king sat in Parliament with the magnates.

Need a source: The place and time a parliament would meet was decided by the king, who could prorogue or dissolve the body as he saw fit.

Need a source: Likewise, the king determined who was summoned to parliament.

Not sure where or if this belongs: In addition, Parliament was not the only representative assembly empowered to act on behalf of the various estates of the realm. The lower clergy preferred to meet outside of Parliament in the Convocations of Canterbury and York, which was empowered to legislate for the church as a distinct estate. Only the bishops and greater abbots continued to sit in Parliament as lords spiritual. There was also a short-lived practice of summoning merchants to approve taxes on the wool trade.

Edward II (1307–1327)
Statute of York

Edward III (1327–1377)
"Edward’s personal quarrel with his archbishop had thrown up a principle by which the activities of the Crown’s leading officials could be scrutinized in parliament. A mechanism had been established that meant England could settle political crises without descent into bloody civil war." Jones, Dan. The Plantagenets (p. 389). Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

Not in article yet In the period 1350–1375, Parliament developed into an institution unique among the estates of the realm in Europe. Unlike comparable bodies, Parliament had developed into a bicameral institution. The first estate or clergy had separated from Parliament and sat as the Convocations of Canterbury and York. With the lesser clergy meeting in convocation, only the greater clergy (bishops and major abbots) or lords spiritual remained in Parliament to sit with the second estate or lords temporal. At the same time, knights of the shire (technically lesser nobility and part of the second estate) had come to sit with the burgesses of the third estate as the commons. It was also unique for the wide range of business conducted: judicial, political and financial.

Legal commentaries

 * Blackstone, Sir William. (1765). Commentaries on the Laws of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Other

 * "Parliament." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/convocation-english-clergy