User:Lucallespinoza/Healthcare in Costa Rica

Legend:

Regular: Wikipedia Article

Bold: Added by me

= Healthcare in Costa Rica = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Costa Rica provides universal health care to its citizens and permanent residents. Both the private and public health care systems in Costa Rica are continually being upgraded. Statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) frequently place Costa Rica in the top country rankings in the world for long life expectancy. WHO's 2000 survey ranked Costa Rica as having the 36th best health care system, placing it one spot above the United States at the time. In addition, the UN (United Nations) has ranked Costa Rica’s public health system within the top 20 worldwide and the number 1 in Latin America.

Costs[edit]
In the early 1970s, the Ministry of Heath was heavily subsidized by foreign aid. However, by 1977, health programs had been so successful that US Aid for International Development in the sector was ended, as the country was found "too healthy" to continue being a recipient. In 2001, total spending on health care was 7% of GDP, with 3/4 of that being the public sector. Currently, costs tend to be much less than doctor, hospital, and prescription costs in the U.S. The country spends one tenth as much per capita on health care as the United States, focusing on preventive care.

Public[edit]
Costa Rican Social Security Fund Logo See also: List of hospitals in Costa Rica

The Costa Rican Social Security Fund or Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (as it is known in Spanish) is in charge of most of the nation's public health sector. Its role in public health (as the administrator of health institutions) is key in Costa Rica, playing an important part in the state's national health policy making. Worker and employer contribution are mandated by law, under the principle of solidarity. Workers need to be cover by a "poliza de riesgo del trabajo" an insurance policy that complements the health care provided by the "Caja" for injuries related to labor risks.

Caja services are guaranteed to all residents, including the uninsured. In 1989 this was expanded to include undocumented immigrants as well, which constituted up to 8% of the population at the time. The percent of residents with health insurance increased gradually, as the program was originally only intended for urban workers. It was not until 1961 that universal mandatory coverage became a stated goal. After reaching a peak of 92% coverage in 1990, rates have remained around 88%. 12% of the insured are low-income residents who are eligible to have their coverage paid entirely by the state, based on a means-test. 87% of the uninsured enter a hospital via the emergency room, compared to only 58% of the insured.

Emergency care is provided free of charge to all residents. This governmental entity's functions encompass both the administrative and functional aspects. It has the obligation (as a public institution) to formulate and execute health programs that are both preventive (such as: vaccination, informational, fumigation, etc.) and healing (such as: surgery, radiation therapy, pharmacy, clinical, etc.) in nature. Services "are aimed disproportionately" toward underprivileged Nicaraguan and Colombian immigrants and indigenous communities. Spending is relatively progressive, with the poorest quintile receiving 29% of spending while the richest quintile only receives 11%.

In 2000, 90% of the country's doctors were employed by the public sector, but 1/3 of those also maintained a private practice. During the decade of the 1990s the percentage of all medical staff (not just doctors) who worked in the private sector increased from 10% to almost 25%. As more doctors opt for the more profitable field of private practice, especially in relation to medical tourism, the government has resorted to hiring around 100 Cuban doctors annually to work in the public sector, as of 2010.

Alongside universal health care the government also provides basic dental care. However, this does not include most orthodontic procedures, such as braces.

EBAIS[edit]
The Equipos Báscios de Atención Integral en Salud (EBAIS), or Comprehensive Basic Health Care Team, began operating in 1995, under control of the Social Security Fund. The program had been proposed two years earlier by a bipartisan committee of experts set up by the president to redress decreases in the quality of services that had occurred over the preceding decade. The goal of the program is to ensure that all citizens have access to medical care, including rural residents. EBAIS employees are divided into teams of about five members, including one doctor. Team members visit people at their homes to vaccinate, offer medical advice, check vitals, and dispense medication. They also rectify any standing water situations they observe, which otherwise act as breeding grounds for mosquitoes and their associated diseases. EBAIS designates certain residences as high-risk due to subs-standard housing and amenities or risky health conditions (eg. teenage pregnancy). Members also address the health of patients' pets, such as ensuring that they are up to date on all necessary vaccinations. There are nearly 1,000 teams, each overseeing the health of 3,500-4,000 individuals.

After an original rejection, $9 million was later granted for the creation of EBAIS by the World Bank. The rest of the $50 million price tag was paid for by the Social Security Fund.

The Costa Rican Social Security Fund is also charged with the administration of the public pension system.

Reformed Healthcare Litigation[edit]
The development of the current public and private healthcare system in Costa Rica and its movement towards a progressive system came about as a response to a growing constitutional health rights in Costa Rica. The Costa Rican Supreme Court, the Sala IV, released litigations for medications, treatments, and other health care issues. Criticism from inside the health system regarding “the court’s jurisprudence elevated the right to health above financial considerations, and as a result posed a threat to the financial well-being of the state-run health care system."

A  2014 study researched successful health rights litigation and showed that less than 70% of favorable rulings were for low-priority medications in Costa Rica, revealing an unfair access to medications. To address these criticisms, the Sala IV partnered with the Cochrane Collaboration to integrate medical professional evaluations in its decision-making process for claims seeking access to medication. Then a new study was conducted researching the court’s reformed ruling process and whether it has changed in favor of the health rights conversation. It revealed that the probability of winning a medication lawsuit has increased drastically over time and that the percent of rulings granting experimental medications has declined while the percent granting high-priority medications increased. Based on the results, in comparison to the court’s pre-reform process, the reformed new process has led to some minor gains in fairness.

Private[edit]
See also: Medical tourism § Costa Rica

Costa Rica is a popular destination for medical tourism because of the beautiful surroundings, low costs, abundance of bilingual medical personnel, and medical reputation. Over 40,000 Americans come to the country annually as medical tourists. Private insurance plans are available through the government-owned insurance company(INS). Private plans include dental work, optometry, well-visits and annual check-ups. 80% of the costs are covered for prescription drugs, certain medical exams, sick visits and hospitalization. Surgeon and aesthetician costs are covered at full cost. Currently, private medical insurance costs about $60–$250/month per person, depending on gender, age, other factors. Reasons for opting for private health care include shorter wait times and the ability to choose one's doctor. Around 30% of the population utilizes private health services at least once a year, according to surveys. Costa Rica has three internationally accredited private hospitals. The four largest private hospitals in Costa Rica are CIMA in the suburbs of San Jose, Clínica Biblica in the center of San Jose, Clínica Católica and Hospital Clinica UNIBE in the suburbs of San Jose. Domestic private health insurance was not legalized until 2006. International private insurance companies were not allowed to operate in the country until a Free Trade Agreement was signed with the United States in 2009.

Healthcare for Immigrants
'''The Costa Rican government has sustained one of the most developed and resourceful health systems in Latin America, yet it lacks accessibility for the general public. Although Caja services are guaranteed to all residents even if they do not have insurance, it is not available to anyone in need of medical assistance besides official citizens. In recent years, the Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social has decentralized health care units in hopes of improving the quality of care. This has resulted in higher costs for sophisticated treatments that then become unavailable for the less privileged who are often in most need of these services. Additionally, the underprivileged communities that reside in rural areas also struggle to find medical centers nearby even if they are entitled to healthcare. Therefore, despite having a health care system that covers 85% of its population, many of the care services provided by the Costa Rican government are inaccessible to the impoverished, and especially to immigrants. As the country faces one of the worst immigration crises in Latin American, hundreds of thousands of Nicaraguans travel to Costa Rica every year searching for better standards of living, widely due to the country’s developed social welfare programs. This has been an ongoing problem since 1998’s Hurricane Mitch left hundreds of thousands of Nicaraguans homeless, and because Nicaragua is one of the poorest countries in Latin America, where the population’s average income is 4.23 times smaller than the average Costa Rican, many chose to migrate in search of better living conditions. The majority of Nicaraguans in Costa Rica sought work in the agricultural and construction sectors, living mostly in rural areas near the country’s Nicaraguan border. The issue emerges as these immigrants are unable to access the free health services offered by the Social Security Fund, and are left uncared for, often without access to food, clean water, or care, despite the government’s sufficient resources to deal with their health issues. Despite having a government which solidifies a national health care system “underpinned by ideologies of universal health care, equality, solidarity, and community”, Costa Rica fails to provide curative care to all of its inhabitants under the notion that they are not considered residents. '''

Pharmacy[edit]
Many drugs (like birth control pills, high cholesterol medication, migraine medicine, etc.) are available in Costa Rica without a prescription. Many common problems can be accurately diagnosed and treated by pharmacists. Also, most major pharmacies have a doctor on staff. Most Costa Ricans head to the pharmacy first and consult with the pharmacist or doctor on staff; if he or she can not diagnose you or believe you need further treatment, you will be sent to the hospital.

Childbirth[edit]
Abortion in Costa Rica is restricted to situations that preserve the life or physical health of the mother. Abortions are illegal in cases of rape or incest, for social or economic reasons or when the unborn child suffers from medical problems or birth defects.

Main article: Abortion in Costa Rica

Smoking[edit]
Main article: Smoking in Costa Rica

It is illegal to smoke in all public vehicles, public buildings and recreation areas such as parks, stadiums etc.