User:Luckyfroggy18/sandbox

Abstract:
Egypt has gone through a series of Presidents who constantly get overthrown. Hosni Mubarak, who had strong military support because he was a career military man, was overthrown. Open elections brought in Muslim Brotherhood Muhammad Mursi (Mohamed Morsi), but the people quickly became disillusioned, which led to a military coup and an interim government led by Adly Mansour. The interim government cracked down on the Muslim Brotherhood. The interim government eventually gave way to Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, who also was a career military man. The Egyptian people strongly supported al-Sisi, so he retired from the military and ran in the 2014 Presidential Elections where he won. In the 2018 Presidential Elections, al-Sisi won again because he didn't have much of an opposition. So, it seems that Egypt has come full circle because al-Sisi is very much like Mubarak, a career military man running the country. If you want to go back a bit further, Mubarak's predecessor, Anwar Sadat, was also a military man. Mubarak was Sadat's Vice President. Mubarak became president after Sadat was assassinated. The interesting thing about Mubarak was that he never had a Vice President because he didn't want to be assassinated. Is it religion, military reign, or poor leadership that get these Presidents overthrown or taken from power?

Research:
Anwar Sadat was President of Egypt from 1970 to 1981, when he was assassinated. He graduated from the Cairo Military Academy in 1938. During his time, he wanted to ban the British out of Egypt. His domestic and foreign policies were mainly reacting to Nasser’s policies and acts. He sought to create a liberal economy and went to extremes, such as inflating the economy causing poor distribution of wealth, inequality and uneasiness that provided grounds for food riots later in January 1977. Sadat expelled Soviet advisers and technician from Egypt in 1972. He sought to create a peaceful settlement between Egypt and Israel by reaching out to Israel, but failed and initiated a military attack with the help of Syria, which began Yom Kippur. Pos Yom Kippur war, he started to make peace in the Middle East by visiting Israel and Jerusalem in hopes to create a peace settlement. US President Jimmy Carter mediated discussions amongst Sadat and Begin and would end up with the Camp David Accords. Throughout his time in power, he worked to go against Nasser’s decisions and create a militaristic nation. Hosni Mubarak ruled as the President of Egypt from October 14, 1981 until February 11, 2011 and as Anwar Sadat’s Vice President. He was the fourth President and survived the longest in office. He believed in reinitiating ties between Arab and Muslim ties, since Egypt’s ties were broken from Sadat’s treaty with Israel in 1979, breaking diplomatic ties. In 1988, Egypt was no longer isolated. Mubarak pushed to allow more than one candidate to run for elections in February 2005. In political and economical struggle, Mubarak was blamed for imposing new restrictions on independent presidential candidates due to amending Article 76, not withholding his promise he made in 2005 to reduce unemployment rates and increase job opportunities which created a continuous state of poverty and corruption, and doing nothing to attempt to solve the poverty issues and unemployment rates. He had a strong hold on the public media by controlling what the journalists could and could not publish. Many journalists and editors were arrested for criticizing the government. However, Mubarak amended Article 76 in February 2005 to allow multiple candidates to run in the presidential election to follow in September 2005. He was successful in this endeavor and won the election by receiving 88% of the votes. This was the first time Egypt’s citizens voted for multiple candidates in a presidential election. Prior to becoming President, Mubarak began a military career as a youth by studying at a Military Academy in 1949 (age 20) and eventually pursued education at the Air Force Academy in the Soviet Union. In 1966, he became the director of the Egyptian Air Force. As a result of having a strong military background, he brought his military skills and powers to presidency. His strong rule and control of subordinates was clear throughout his role, as he controlled many things from amendments to what the media could release. Muhammad Morsi was the President of Egypt and ruled from 2012 to 2013. He was heavily involved in the Muslim Brotherhood throughout his life. However, the Muslim Brotherhood was banned from Egypt. Because of this, he identified as independent when he was elected to the People’s Assembly. As this was happening, he pressed government officials to allow Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. After being appointed to the Muslim Brotherhood’s Guidance Bureau, he was arrested for protesting in Egypt concerning independent judiciary. As he took power as President, he initiated the retirement of many senior members of the council and moved to revoke the constitutional declaration of June 17. In November, Islamists wrote, submitted, and received approval for their draft of the constitution. Morsi did not agree with the constitution and sought to revise it. This was the beginning of the end of his presidency. As he sought to revise the constitution, many rallies occurred to overthrow his presidency. The rallies were not only against Morsi, but also affected the Muslim Brotherhood, as they were targeted in this series of rallies. On July 1st, the military intervened his political powers and stated that if Morsi could not control the protestors, then he cannot control his people. At this point, Muhamad Morsi was removed from presidency and suspended his constitution. After he was removed from presidency, he was arrested with many other Muslim Brotherhood leaders. Following his presidency, his supporters were oppressed and driven underground in Egypt. Adly Mansour was the interim replacement Muhammad Morsi once he was thrown out of presidency, per General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. Prior to Mansour’s presidency, he served as the deputy head of the constitutional court and was in the legal business for most of his career. He completely and utterly supported Mosri’s removal from presidency and claimed to bring Egypt together and disregard discrimination and division, but to be one Arab nation and to put a stop to tyrants. His name was first mentioned in the election to follow the amendment of article 76 by President Hosni Mubarak; he ran for elections, as multiple candidates could run at that time. Abdel Fattah al-Sis is the President of Egypt since 2014. He was a strong military leader from youth. He attended and graduated from the Military Academy in 1977. Post-graduation, he married his cousin and had three children. He performed his military duties at the UK Joint Services Command and proceeded to receive a master’s degree from the US Army War College in the United States. In 2008, he was the security chief in the military attaché office located in Saudi Arabia, but later returned to chief of staff in the northern military zone. In 2011, he was elected the head of military intelligence for Egypt’s military council. Throughout his career, he strived to promote guaranteed freedom of expression, but was too involved in military backed interim government ideas to truly support this idea. In the beginning of the idea of al-Sisi becoming president, he denied any idea of this happening. Later, he announced that he would give up his military career to run for president and won the election by 96.6%. He has strong political ties through the past few presidents and had a say as to who took the place of Muhammad Morsi and also had involvement in many militaristic decisions to affect Egypt. President al-Sisi is still President to this day but encompass many of the same characteristics as the other presidents, who were overthrown, withhold. Conclusion Anwar Sadat, Hosni Mubarak, Muhammad Morsi, Adly Mansour, and Abdel Fattah al-Sisi all have one thing in common; they were military rulers themselves or had heavy involvement within the military, regardless if the people agreed or not. Each leader was also overthrown or taken out of office, with the exception of the current President, but his trends match the rest of the Presidents’. Each leader had strong control and a hard rule over them, causing the people to rebel and often overthrow them. It was not the way they handled religion, or how they came to power, but how they treated their people and did not listen to what they wanted that they were overthrown.