User:Lucyniyaz/Deafness in Uzbekistan

Deafness in Uzbekistan has cultural and medical implications. In 2019, the Society of the Deaf of Uzbekistan recorded that approximately 21,212 people, adults and children, are deaf or hard-of-hearing. The primary sign language of Uzbekistan is Russian sign language (RSL).

In most post-Soviet countries, RSL is the primary language used within deaf communities. However, research shows that many post-Soviet countries also have their own language. This change can be traced to different location or cultural differences between these countries.

Uzbek Sign Language (UZL) is a dialect of RSL, and while it has many phrases different from RSL, it is not recognized by the government as an official language in Uzbekistan.

History
Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan was one of the countries in the union. The Uzbek Society of the Deaf would support communities by running vocational training and employment workshops catered towards deaf people. Additionally, the Soviet Union would often offer protection of deaf and hard-of-hearing employment by granting monopolies on certain goods to deaf-hiring factories. To increase accessibility, residential buildings and community centers were built for deaf workers near the factories. Over time, these residential areas became known as gorodok glukhikh, or "towns of the deaf". Unfortunately, although deaf workers found community amongst themselves, they still faced problems interacting with non-deaf communities in Uzbekistan.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, many government-run organizations lost funding. The Uzbek Society of the Deaf, previously funded by the Soviet Union, became a non-profit organization. Without the extra financial support, the Uzbek Society of the Deaf eventually declared bankruptcy, and as a result, the many deaf and hard-of-hearing lost their jobs and homes. Today, there are only about ten training facilities that specifically cater to deaf and hard-of-hearing people. Only 240–250 Uzbek deaf and hard-of-hearing people benefit from these services across the country.

Uzbek Sign Language (USL)
Uzbek Sign Language (USL) in Uzbekistan is not recognized by the federal government. Instead, USL is more regarded as a “means of interpersonal communication", or casual conversation. Without recognition, sign language programs are not prioritized in schools or as a means to share information with deaf and hard-of-hearing people. During the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, national information was spread with USL interpretation to increase accessibility for the first time, but the quality of the interpretation was still poor.

Education
In 2019, about 5,000 deaf and hard-of-hearing students were recorded to be studying in schools specializing in deaf education across Uzbekistan. Unfortunately, the lack of government recognition and funding deaf programs results in sign language not being supported as a full scale language of instruction in deaf schools. The majority of teachers in these specialized schools do not have any training in Uzbek or Russian sign language, so deaf students are forced to learn how to lip read and articulate words.

The curriculum for specialized deaf schools in Uzbekistan differs from the national curriculum. Deaf students in specialized schools also attend extended day programs to catch up on material, and they graduate a year later than non-deaf students. Sign language interpretation for deaf students is not common in general education classrooms.

Employment
For instance, deaf men from all over Uzbekistan come to the capital city Tashkent and work as informal parking attendants at crowded 11 The average salary in Uzbekistan in 2020 amounted to 2.66 million Uzbek soums (about US$250) based on the official data provided by the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, https://stat.uz/ru/press-tsentr/novosti-goskomstata/7523-srednemesyachnaya-nominalnaya-nachislennaya-zarabotnaya-plata-rabotnikov-predpriyatij-obladayushchikh-statusomyuridicheskikh-lits. 14 parking lots, selling Uzbekistani flags, key rings, and napkins at busy intersections, while deaf women earn a living in underground passages and other public places, offering paid weighing services to passers-by on their floor scales.

Lack of Resources
Language interpretation services for deaf and hard-of-hearing people are heavily underfunded and often poorly mandated. Reports show that there are not enough USL and RSL interpreters to sustain communication between deaf and non-deaf communities in Uzbekistan. As a result, USL and RSL interpreters face burnout, as their jobs entail a lot of work. Interpreters work to protect deaf rights in justice courts, during police encounters, for tax related incidents, and for medical assessments.

In Uzbekistan, the hours of sign language services are not regulated by the government, and therefore not included in public service resources provided to Uzbek deaf communities.

JICA
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is one organization that has shown support for increasing disability resources for deaf people in Uzbekistan. JICA has existed since October of 1954, but has since relaunched since 2008. JICA partners with organizations around the world to assist disaster affected countries to achieve quality and equitable learning in education sectors ranging from Pre-K to higher education. In September of 2018, the Cultural Centre of Deaf People of Tashkent participated in their first Asian Deaf-blind Conference in Japan.

The Cultural Centre for Deaf People in Tashkent
The Cultural Centre for Deaf People in Tashkent is another organization that works to increase accessibility for deaf people in Uzbekistan. In 2014, the Cultural Centre for Deaf People in Tashkent received the first Uzbekistan President's Award on behalf of Mr. Akihiko Tanaka, the president of JICA. The value of the international award is to recognize individuals and organizations who have presented significant work and positively impacted communities worldwide.