User:Luija Chondona Rebeiro/sandbox

[Here we tried to make a glossary of 73 important terms which are Applied Linguistics and ELT related. We collected the meanings and definitions from different websites and dictionaries that the references are given at the end of the glossary list. ]

Presented By,

Luija Chondona Rebeiro & Marufa Begum

Ma in Applied Linguistics and ELT

IUB, Bangladesh

= Applied Linguistics and ELT related Glossary = 1. Affective filter (noun) - a psychological factor that can help or hinder language learning

2. Applied linguistics (noun) – the branch of linguistics concerned with practical applications of language studies, for example, language teaching, translation, and speech therapy↵

3. Audioligualism (noun) - a method of language teaching inspired by behaviorism and based around the repetition of correct sentences

4. Audio-lingual method- it is a method of foreign language teaching which emphasizes the teaching of listening and speaking before reading and writing. It uses dialogues as the main training techniques. The mother's tongue is discouraged in the classroom.

5. Automaticity- it is the fast, effortless word recognition that comes with a great deal of reading practice. Automaticity refers only to accurate, speedy word recognition, not to reading with expression.

6. CLIL (noun)-content and language integrated learning: the use of a language that is not the students’ first language to teach another subject such as science or history.

7. CLL (noun) - community language learning: a teaching method based on counseling therapy developed in the 1970s. It places the learners at the center of activity with the teacher acting as a consultant.

8. Cognitive learning theory (noun) - a theory of learning based on how the mind processes and stores knowledge.

9. Cognitive science (noun) – interdisciplinary science that draws on many fields (such as Psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and Philosophy) in developing theories about human perception, thinking, and learning.

10. Communicative approach (noun) - a style of language teaching that focuses on using the language for real communication rather than learning the systems of grammar and vocabulary

11. Communicative competence- it refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts

12. Competition model - it’s a theory that seeks to explain how individuals learn and process language. The outcome of competition between various thinking process serves as a cornerstone of this theory

13. Comprehensible output - it’s a hypothesis which states that we acquire language when we attempt to transmit a message but fail and have to try again. Eventually, we arrive at the correct form of our utterance, our conversational partner finally understands, and we acquire the new form we have produced.

14. Complex Dynamic System theory – this theory considers the initial conditions of a system to be decisive in determining the trajectories that will be followed through the system as well as the results obtained at the end

15. Constructivism – it is a theory in education that recognizes the learners’ understanding and knowledge based on their own experiences before entering school. It is associated with various philosophical positions, particularly in epistemology as well as ontology, politics, and ethics

16. Contrastive analysis (noun) - analysis of the language systems of two or more languages, looking at their differences and similarities. Contrastive analysis is sometimes called CA.

17. Controlled practice (noun) - a type of language practice in which either the content (language control) or the type of participation (interactional control) is restricted.

18. Critical period hypothesis- it is the subject of a long-standing debate in linguistics and language acquisition over the extent to which the ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age.

19. Corpus (noun) – a collection of written or spoken material in machine-readable form, assembled for linguistic research

20. Declarative modeling (noun) – it focuses on what allows to describe ideas, concepts, designs, constructions, etc. Succinctly at a high level of abstraction

21. Developmental error (noun) - an error that occurs as a natural part of the learning process.

22. Dialogue (noun) - a conversation between people that is used for teaching languages.

23. Dictogloss (noun) - a form of dictation in which students hear a complete text, then try to reconstruct it from memory

24. Direct method (noun) - a way of teaching a foreign language to someone in which you only use the foreign/target language

25. Discourse-based view- It involves examining how bits of language contribute to the making of complete texts. It involves exploring the relationship between the linguistic patterns of complete texts and the social contexts in which they function. It involves considering the higher-order operations of language in the interface of cultural and ideological meanings and returning to the lower - order forms of language which are often crucial to the patterning of such meaning (McCarthy and Carter (1994:3)

26. Discovery learning (noun) – a method of language teaching in which students are presented with examples from which they work out the rules

27. Drawbacks – overemphasizes the role of external factors in the process of language acquisition and gives little importance to internal learning processes similar to the behavioristic view of language acquisition in that environmental factors and input are at the very center in attempting to explicate the acquisition process. Overstresses the role of knowledge, of competence and functions in acquiring a language, and hence fails to notice universal principles that guide language acquisition.

28. Error - learner’s lack of knowledge/competence

29. Extensive reading (noun) – the reading of longer texts, mainly for pleasure or to increase vocabulary

30. First language acquisition (noun) – how children learn their first language

31. Foreign language (noun) - a foreign language is a language not widely spoken and used by the people of a community or society or nation.

32. Fossilization (noun) – Linguistics how some errors become a permanent feature of a language learner’s language

33. Functional syllabus (noun) – a syllabus that's based around a list of language functions such as making requests or greeting people

34. Grammaring (noun) – the process by which a learner acquires the ability to use grammar structures accurately, meaningfully, and appropriately

35. Grammar-translation method (noun) – It focuses on the teaching of foreign language grammar through the presentation of rules together with some exceptions and lists of vocabulary translated into the mother tongue.

36. Generative second-language acquisition- It is a cognitive-based theory of SLA that applies theoretical insights developed from within generative linguistics to investigate how second languages and dialects are acquired and lost by individuals learning naturalistically or with formal instruction in foreign, second language and lingua Franca settings.

37. Idiomaticity (noun) – the extent to which a learner’s language resembles that of a native speaker

38. Immersion (noun) – EDUCATION a method of teaching a foreign language in which teachers and students use only the foreign language during classes

39. Input (noun) – LINGUISTICS spoke or written language that a learner is exposed to

40. Integration testing (noun) – Unified set of interacting abilities that cannot be tested separately (Oller, 1979). This emphasizes the simultaneous testing of the test’s multiple linguistic competences from various perspectives.

41. Intercultural competence (noun) – the ability to deal with cultural contact and differences in a second, third or another language

42. Interlanguage (noun) – It is the type of language or linguistic system used by second-and foreign- language learners who are in the process of learning a target language.

43. L1 (noun) – First language: the first language that someone learns to speak

44. L2 (noun) – Second language: a language that someone can speak or is learning to speak that is not their first language

45. LAD (noun) – the language acquisition device: a mental capacity that has been suggested as enabling children to learn and produce language

46. Language acquisition (noun) – the non-conscious and natural process of learning a language in the way that children do, as distinct from the conscious and deliberate study 47. The lexical approach (noun) – an approach to language teaching that has vocabulary or Lexis

48. Language immersion (noun) – It is a method developed to teach people a second language, in which the language being taught is used specifically for instruction purposes.

49. Language transfer- The replication of rules from the first language (L1) to the second language (L2) is called language transfer.

50. The lexical approach (noun) – an approach to language teaching that has vocabulary or Lexis as the main focus.

51. Mistake- Learners’ failure to perform their competence 52. The natural approach (noun) – an approach to language teaching that attempts to imitate the process of learning a first language, for example by exposing learners to meaningful language from the start and not explicitly teaching grammar 53. Naturalistic language acquisition (noun) – language acquisition that takes place in places other than the classroom

54. The natural order hypothesis (noun) – The theory that people learn the rules of language in a predictable order regardless of the order in which they are taught

55. Negotiation of meaning (noun) – the process by which speakers work together to resolve communication problems

56. Noticing (noun) – the act or fact of noticing a piece of language, which is a necessary part of learning it according to cognitive learning theory

57. Order of acquisition (noun) – the order in which people are thought to acquire grammar items when learning a language

58. Overgeneralization ( noun) – LINGUISTICS the application of a rule that does not apply and thus leads to errors, for example adding a regular verb ending to an irregular verb

59. Process writing (noun) – an approach to teaching writing that focuses on the creative process of producing a text.

60. Production (noun) – LINGUISTICS the ability to produce language, in contrast to the reception

61. Productive skill (noun) – the skills of being able to speak and write a language

62. Reception (noun) – LINGUISTICS the ability to understand language, in contrast to production

63. Receptive skills (noun) – the skills of being able to understand a language when you listen to it or read it

64. Silent period (noun) – a long period spent listening to language and not saying anything when children are learning their first language; some people believe this also applies when learning a second or another language

65. The silent way (noun) – a method of language teaching in which the teacher speaks very little and uses colored sound charts and Cuisenaire rods to create basic sentence patterns for students to reflect on

66. Substitution table (noun) – a way of showing how the different elements of a language structure relate to one another. The horizontal axis shows the order of the elements and the vertical axis shows items that can be substituted for one another

67. TBL (noun) – task-based learning: an approach to learning and teaching based on the performance of tasks.

68. Task-based learning (noun) – an approach to learning and teaching based on the performance of tasks; also called TBL

69. Total Physical Response (noun) – a teaching method in which learners are expressed to input in the form of commands that require a physical response; also called TPR

70. TPR (noun) – Total Physical Response; a teaching method in which learners are exposed to input in the form of commands that require a physical response 71. Usage-based acquisition (noun) – any of the theories of language learning which argue that acquisition occurs mainly through communication or usage

72. Whole language learning (noun) – an approach to language teaching based on the idea that the best way to learn is real, meaningful situations rather than by focusing on separate items or skills

73. The zone of proximal development (noun) – in sociocultural learning theory, a state where a student cannot yet solve a problem independently but can do so with the help of others; also called ZPD

Reference

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