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In addition, this policy has been criticized by the Journal on Migration and Human Security for imposing overwhelming hurdles on refugees seeking asylum in the United States. These hurdles, such as mandatory detention and application deadlines, are argued to undermine the obligations the United States has under the Refugee Convention Protocols of 1967. Furthermore, another journal by the Journal on Migration and Human Security analyzed a 2011 test conducted by the Migration Policy Institute aimed at exploring any negative externalities the 287(g) program had on the communities of Frederick County, Maryland. The journal found that, after recording arrests by the Frederick County Sheriff's Office, there was evidence pointing towards racial profiling against Hispanics in the area.

On the other side, proponents of the IIRIRA present the case that the policy provided a much needed end to numerous loopholes present beforehand in US immigration policy, which ultimately undermined their efficacy. The ultimate goal of the IIRIRA has been to deter further illegal immigration into the US, and despite a noticeable increase in annual deportations since the policy was enacted in 1996 from around 50,000 to over 200,000 by the 2000, overall illegal immigration has increased since the policy's enactment according to data compiled by the Pew Research Center.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/233150241700500207 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2331502418786718 https://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/287g-divergence.pdf

https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rrace1&div=11&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3407978/ https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/13/key-facts-about-the-changing-u-s-unauthorized-immigrant-population/