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Sandbox for addition of section to Gender roles among the indigenous peoples of North America

Kalapuya
The Kalapuya had a patriarchal society consisting of bands, or villages, usually lead by a male leader or group of leaders. The primary leader was generally the man with the greatest wealth. Female leaders did exist, however it was much more common for a woman to gain status as a shaman. The Kalapuya bands typically consisted of extended families of related men, their wives, and children. Many bands practiced slavery, with women and children being the most desirable because they could easily be controlled. Each band had a shaman that performed specific healing processes and rituals. These shamans could be male or female, free or slave. The shamans spiritual power was regarded as more valuable than material wealth and as such the shaman was often more influential than the leaders.

Kalapuyan males usually hunted while the women and young children gathered food and set up camps. As the vast majority of the Kalapuyan diet consisted largely of gathered food, the women supplied most of the sustenance. Women were also in charge of food preparation, preservation and storage. The food hunted by men usually consisted of deer and elk. Hunters also gathered fish from the rivers of the Willamette valley, including salmon, and eels. Plants gathered included wapato, tarweed seeds, hazelnuts, and especially camas. The camas bulbs were cooked by women into a cake-like bread which was considered valuable. The Kalapuya practiced field burning, which encouraged plant growth and gathering tarweed seeds.

Clothing accessories were considered a sign of wealth, items included nose ornaments, bracelets, blankets, dentalium shells, and porcupine quills. Tattoos were practiced on the arms of women and men. Women were involved in the community life and expressed their individual opinions. When a man wanted to marry a woman he had to purchase her by paying a bride price to her father. If a man slept with or raped another mans wife he was required to pay the bride price to the husband, if he did not he would be cut on the arm or face. If the man could pay the price, he could take the woman to be his wife. Once a woman's husband died, she would remain with that mans family unless a man from outside of the family was willing to purchase her.

There is reference to transgender people being accepted in Kalapuyan culture. A Kalapuyan shaman named Ci'mxin is recalled by John B. Hudson in his interviews from the Kalapuya Texts:

After the arrival of Europeans to the Willamette, and creation of the Grand Ronde Reservation and boarding schools such as Chemawa Indian School, children of the Kalapuya people were taught the traditional gender roles of Europeans.