User:M. Frank, Future UCSF Pharm.D./Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

Lead
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night. It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening. PND, as well as simple orthopnea, may be relieved by sitting upright at the side of the bed with legs dangling.

Treatment
Treatment for paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea depends on the underlying cause. If the underlying cause for the PND is heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), treatments can include diuretics, beta blockers, and ACE inhibitors. Another underlying cause of PND is Central sleep apnea (CSA) with Cheyne-Stokes Breathing (CSB), which is recommended to be treated by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and nocturnal home oxygen therapy (HOT) by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

The shortness of breath sensation felt from PND can typically be relieved by maintaining an upright position while sleeping.