User:M1Mikula/Adobe Walls, Texas

Establishment:
Beginning as early as 1835, the trading firm Bent, St. Vrain & Company, who was living in teepees and temporary log cabins, established seasonal trading with the Native Americans. In 1843, the Company established a log structure trading site on what is now known as Bent Creek(OG CITE) in Hutchinson County. In 1845, they replaced the log structure with an adobe brick single-entrance fort spanning 80 feet (24m) square, with walls that rose 9 feet (2.7 m). The fort was closed in 1848, due to multiple Native American attacks. The last trading trip sponsored by the Bent’s was held in the winter of 1848, and in the spring of 1849, William Bent found part of his livestock slaughtered by local Indians. In response he blew up the remains of the interior of the fort and departed the panhandle of Texas.(OG CITE)

By the time of the renowned battles, the adobe structure was permanently abandoned, leaving only the crumbling adobe walls.(OG CITE) In 1874, a new complex was erected north of the ruins by traders from Kansas.(OG CITE) About a mile north of the Fort Adobe ruins the Myers and Leonard store was created by merchants from Kansas after the destruction of the adobe walls in March 1874.

"Bent's Creek, west of the Walls, flowed from the northwest in a southeasterly direction to the Canadian, passing close to the ruins of old Adobe Walls, about a mile and a quarter south of the new Adobe Walls...East of Adobe Walls lay the open valley of Adobe Walls Creek, terminating in a growth of willows, cottonwoods, hackberry, chinaberry, and stunted elms that fringed this stream...".(OG CITE)

Dixon described the 1874 establishment, "All the buildings at Adobe Walls faced to the east, the main ones standing in a row. On the south was the store of Rath & Wright, with a great pile of buffalo hides at the rear. Then came Hanrahan's saloon, and fifty yards or so north of the latter was the store of Leonard & Myers, the building forming the northeast corner of the big picket stockade. In the southwest corner of the stockade was a mess house and the store as well. The blacksmith's shop was located just north of Hanrahan's saloon. The adobe walls of the main buildings were about two feet thick."(OG CITE)

First battle
Main article: First Battle of Adobe Walls

The First Battle of Adobe Walls occurred November 1864 between a force of Kiowa, Comanche and Plains Apache and an attacking presence of 372 U.S Army troops under the command of Kit Carson .(OG CITE) The Battle was intended to end the Native American raids on wagon trains traveling on the Great Plains. The American force was pushed to retreat, yet both the U.S Army and the Kiowa declared themselves the victor

Second battle
Main article: Second Battle of Adobe Walls

The Second Battle of Adobe Wall occurred on June 27, 1874, between a group of 28 buffalo hunters and a Comanche force of 700, led by Isa-tai and Quanah Parker.(OG CITE) This battle was the result of buffalo hunters encroaching on Native American territory dictated by the 1867 Medicine Lodge Treaty, and angering the Natives. The Native Americans were forced back after an assault on the trading post led by  Isa-tai and Quanah Parker.(OG CITE)

Post Battle Era
Following the First and Second Battles of Adobe Walls, the buffalo hunters worked on repairing the forts as the U.S army slowly evacuated them. By early September 7, 1874 all of the hunters and civilians were removed by the U.S army. The repaired fort was attacked and burned by Native Americans towards late September leaving only the adobe walls behind. Following the Native American relocation, buffalo hunters would still come, but the herds had thinned. The Turkey Track Ranch was established, but the population of the area remained sparse. (OG CITE) In 1877, a store was reopened within the area, despite human remains left scattered on the battlefields.(OG CITE)

In 1883, civilian Medal of Honor Recipient Billy Dixon (1850–1913) hired on at the Turkey Track Ranch. He filed for two sections of land at Bent Creek and erected a log house. In 1902, Dixon and his family moved to Plemons.(OG CITE) The first school building was destroyed by fire in 1920, and a temporary school was held on the second floor of Billy Dixon's former home at Bent Creek, until a new one would be erected.(OG CITE)

Dixon was appointed the first postmaster when Adobe Walls received its post office on August 3, 1887. Dixon ran the post office out of his home, where he and business partner S.G. Carter also had a store. He served as postmaster until 1901, at which time Otto Anderson was appointed postmaster. The post office when it was closed in 1921 and mail service moved to Plemons.(OG CITE)

Adobe Walls was a polling site, and voting there in the 19th Century was a multi-day community event that included barbecue and accompaniments.(OG CITE) Today, Adobe Walls is a ghost town.

In 1923 the Panhandle-Plains Historical Society became owners of the remains of the 1874 trading post, and conducted archeological excavations in the 1970s. (OG CITE) On June 27, 1924 a red granite monument was erected in memory of the men from the 1874 battle. From the 1940s to 1970s Adobe Walls had a total population of 15 people. In May of 1978, Adobe Walls, Texas was added to the National Register of Historic Places.