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A wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) or wastewater treatment works is an industrial structure designed to remove biological or chemical waste products from water, thereby permitting the treated water to be used for other purposes. Functions of wastewater treatment plants include:

Agricultural wastewater treatment – treatment and disposal of liquid animal waste, pesticide residues etc. from agriculture. Sewage treatment – treatment and disposal of human waste, and other household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, and sinks. Industrial wastewater treatment – the treatment of wet wastes from manufacturing industry and commerce including mining, quarrying and heavy industries. It is increasingly likely that a single facility will serve to treat water for all kinds of waste products.[1] However, certain methods, such as biodegradation, has been found to be less effective for wastewater that includes toxic chemicals found in industrial wastewater.[2]

Processes for drinking water treatment[edit]

Empty aeration tank for iron precipitation

Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time) A combination selected from the following processes is used for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide:

Pre-chlorination - for algae control and arresting any biological growth Aeration - along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron and manganese Coagulation - for flocculation Coagulant aids, also known as polyelectrolytes - to improve coagulation and for thicker floc formation Sedimentation - for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids trapped in the floc Filtration - removing particles from water Desalination - Process of removing salt from the water Disinfection - for killing bacteria. There is no unique solution (selection of processes) for any type of water. Also, it is difficult to standardise the solution in the form of processes for water from different sources. Treatability studies for each source of water in different seasons need to be carried out to arrive at most appropriate processes.

Technologies for potable water treatment are well developed, and generalised designs are available that are used by many water utilities (public or private). In addition, a number of private companies provide patented technological solutions.Automation of water and waste-water treatment is common in the developed world. Capital costs, operating costs available quality monitoring technologies, locally available skills typically dictate the level of automation adopted.

Sewage treatment[edit] Main article: Sewage treatment Sewage treatment is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from wastewater or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to the natural environment and a sludge. To be effective, sewage must be conveyed to a treatment plant by appropriate pipes and infrastructure and the process itself must be subject to regulation and controls. Some wastewaters require different and sometimes specialized treatment methods. At the simplest level, treatment of sewage and most wastewaters is carried out through separation of solids from liquids, usually by sedimentation. By progressively converting dissolved material into solids, usually a biological floc, which is then settled out, an effluent stream of increasing purity is produced.[1][2