User:MIP443paoandluisa/sandbox

1. Bacterial Morphological plasticity

 * As bacteria evolve, morphology changes have to be made to maintain the consistency of the cell. However this consistency could be affected in some circumstances (such as environmental stress) and changes in bacterial shape and size, but specially the transformation into filamentous organisms have been recently showed. These are survival strategies that affect the bacterial normal physiology in response for instance to innate immune response, predator sensing, quorum sensing and antimicrobial signs..

1.1 Shape and Size
Several bacteria alter their morphology in response to the types and concentrations of external compounds. Bacterial morphology changes help to optimize interactions with cells and the surfaces to which they attach.

===1.2 Filamentation === 1.2.1 Physiological mechanisms

1.2.2 Signals

1.2.2.1 Immune response


 * Some of the strategies for bacteria to bypass host defenses include the generation of filamentous structures. As it has been observed in other organisms such as fungi, filamentous forms are resistant to phagocytosis. The interaction between phagocyte and adopting filamentous-shape bacteria provide an advantage to their survival. E. coli provides a good example of this. During urinary tract infection, filamentatious structures of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) start to develop  in response to host innate immune response (more exactly in response to Toll-like receptor 4-TLR4)..

1.2.2.2 Predator sensing cues

1.2.2.3 Quorum sensing

1.2.2.4 Antimicrobials