User:MTkachuk/sandbox

Land reform in South Africa
It talks about the Native Lands Act of 1913, but I think it needs to be written clearer for people to understand. The language used could be in a clearer form.

International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders
The International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders (IATSO) is an international non-profit professional organization for the promotion of research of and treatment for sexual offenders worldwide.

History and organization[edit]
''IATSO was founded in 1998 in Caracas, Venezuela during the 5th biennial International Conference on the Treatment of Sex Offenders. They publish Sex Offender Treatment, an international peer-reviewed journal open to all scientists and practitioners researching sexual abuse.''

References[edit]

 * 1) Jump up ^ Eher, Reinhard; Craig, Leam A.; Miner, Michael H.; Pfäfflin, Friedemann (2011). International Perspectives on the Assessment and Treatment of Sexual Offenders: Theory, Practice and Research. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9781119996200 

External links[edit]

 * International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders website

Sexual Offenders
A sexual offender is an individual who commits a crime that is considered to be sexual as legally defined in his or her own legal jurisdiction. A sexual offense involves engaging in illegal sexual behavior (this is defined by criminal statutes). It is important to be aware that there are major differences throughout the world in regards as to what constitutes as a sexual offense, every place has different laws and regulations. Paraphilia is an erotosexual condition that can occur in both men and women who are responsive to, or dependent on, any unusual or socially intolerable stimulus in either imagery or fantasy for initiation and maintenance of erotic-sexual arousal and the facilitation or achievement of an orgasm(s).

Characteristics of Persistent Sexual Offenders
A meta-analysis of eighty-two recidivism studies (1,620 findings from 29,450 sexual offenders) identified different sexual preferences and antisocial orientation, these are considered as predictors of sexual recidivism for both adult and adolescent sexual offenders. Some active risk factors that have the potential of being useful treatment targets, including sexual preoccupations and general self-regulation problems. Variables commonly addressed in sex offender programs (psychological distress, denial of sex crime, victim empathy, stated motivation for treatment) had little or no relationship with sexual and/or violent recidivism.

Characteristics of Online Sexual Offenders
The Internet provides new opportunities for sexual exploitation. With the Internet anyone can do basically whatever they want and whenever they want, it is so easy for people to use the Internet for bad things, such as finding potential victims for sexual crimes. The number of sexual offenders who have used the Internet to commit crimes has increased in the past five years and is going to continue to increase because the Internet is expanding. Using the Internet makes it possible to collect and distribute child pornography, it can also be used as a tool to find and lure potential victims. It is important to be aware that there are different typologies of online offenders. Online offenders have been categorized as individuals who (1) access child pornography out of impulse, without specific sexual interest in children; (2) access child pornography to satisfy sexual fantasies, but do not commit contact sex offenses; (3) make and handout child pornography just for financial gain; and (4) use the Internet to facilitate contact sex offenses.

International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders (IATSO)
IATSO was founded on March 24th, 1998 in Caracas, Venezuela during the 5th International Conference on the Treatment of Sex Offenders. It is an international non-profit organization committed to the promotion of research of and treatment for sexual offenders throughout the world.

Conferences
Vilnius 2018

Copenhagen 2016

Porto 2014

Berlin 2012

Oslo 2010

Cape Town 2008

Hamburg 2006

Lifetime Achievement Awards
In 2014 the 1st Lifetime Achievement Award was given to William L. Marshall at the 13th IATSO Conference in Porto, Portugal. He was the Director of Rockwood Psychological Services, he has 417 publications including 20 books. His latest is "A strength-based approach to the treatment of sexual offenders". He won the "Book of the Year" award from the Society for Sex Therapy and Research. He was the IATSO President from 2008-2012.

The 2nd Lifetime Achievement Award was given to Friedemann Pfafflin in 2016 at the 14th IATSO Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Poster Awards
The Poster award is given to students (including graduate or Ph.D. students) at the biannual IATSO Conferences who are presenting outstanding posters as first-authors. The winners of this reward receive financial support.

In 2014 at the 13th IATSO Conference in Porto, Portugal, Daniel Turner (Germany) received 1st place for his poster "Working with Children as a Risk Factor for Sexual offending - The Mediating Role of Pedophilic Interests, Antisocial Behavior, and Hypersexuality". Isabelle Boisvert (Canada) received 2nd place for her poster "Characteristics of Sexually Abused Children and Children Exhibiting Problematic Sexual Behaviors: Use of Variable-and Person-Oriented Approaches to Distinguish".

In 2016 at the 14th IATSO Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, Andrew E. Brankley (Canada) received 1st place for his poster "Cross-cultural validity of the STATIC-99R and STABLE-2007 risk tools: Results from a prospective Canadian field study". Coralie Boillat (Switzerland) received 2nd place for her poster "Correlations of childhood trauma experiences with personality traits and sex offence-related behaviour in adult contact sex offenders". Priscilla Gregorio Hertz (Germany) received 3rd place for her poster "A cross-validation of the revised version of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG-R) using a sexual offender sample from Austria".

Standards of Care for the Treatment of Adult Sexual Offenders of the IATSO
Each profession has its own standards of care, but the following treatments are a few Standards of Care that are recommended for any and all professions. Two types of treatment that are used for sexual offenders include psychological and biomedical treatment. Psychological treatment involves different therapies that are designed to treat sexual offenders. The different treatments are based on different psychological and psychiatric theories that target the very beginning of the paraphilia sexual offending. The psychological and psychiatric care are provided in different form, the different forms can be either individual, couple, family, or even group settings. The treatments provided are made to prevent any offending behavior and further victimization of others. Biomedical treatment is the use of pharmacological treatment, this type of therapy before has included the use of anti-androgens, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety, antiepileptic, antipsychotic, or other types of medications. This type of therapy is not limited to these medications. All medications have different turnouts for different individuals, so it is crucial to find the best fit and the most successful for that specific person to help treat them and prevent them from offending again.

Treatment
Sexual offenders create challenges for treatment providers, probation officers, and even just regular people in their community. Sexual offenders create challenges because the treatment providers and probation officers have to decide what care is best and what limitations are necessary for that specific individual (every single individual's treatment and care is going to be different to what best fits that specific person). Every sex offender is different which is why their care and limits need to be properly created for that individual in order to protect the people of the community and to also to successfully prevent them from reoffending. The management of risk is important in treatment, but if there is a limited focus on risk, it can lead to excessively confrontational therapeutic encounters, no close relationship between the offenders and clinicians (this can make treatment unsuccessful because these two need to have a strong relationship in order for the offenders to trust the clinicians), break up and mechanistic treatment delivery. The goals of sexual offender treatment is to achieve a goal that they have been working toward, which is commonly to not reoffend. This can be achieved by enhancing hope, increasing self-esteem, creating goals, making strong relationships, and working with the offenders regularly. For the general criminal population treatment focuses on risk, need, and responsivity. However, when applied to sexual offenders two issues are risk assessment and treatment targets such as cognitive distortions. Responsivity issues are the factors that have an impact on how much the client(s) benefit or fail to benefit from the treatment and care programs. This shows how the treatment of sexual offenders has to be specific and different than another offenders treatment. Treatment of sexual offenders is complex and important to take the proper guidelines for the treatment to be successful and long-lasting.

Juvenile Sexual Offenders
Youths between the ages of 12-18 who have been either been officially charged with a sexual crime or have performed an act that could be officially charged, or committed sexually abusive and/or aggressive behavior are considered juvenile sexual offenders. A few examples of a sexual crime can include, child molestation, rape, exhibitionism, voyeurism, and among more. Assessments for juvenile sexual offenders are a procedure of information collection, the information includes evaluations conducted by psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers or others to develop successful intervention strategies for that specific individual, making placement decisions, and/or informing legal or social service agencies if necessary. The treatment of juveniles is a set of different interventions based on specialized assessment that can include psychotherapy, family therapy, medical treatments, or other psychosocial interventions. Probation supervision and residential placement are not considered treatment for this specific age group. However, they are still important aspects of intervention with juvenile sexual offenders.

Standards of Care for Juvenile Sexual Offenders of the IATSO
The assessments are a procedure of all information collected that includes evaluations who were conducted by psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers or others develop proper fitting intervention strategies, making decisions for placement, and to inform legal or social services agencies. The treatment consists of an arranged set of interventions based on a specific assessment. Some types of treatment can include, psychotherapy, family therapy, medical treatments, or other psychosocial interventions, among more. Probation supervision and residential placement are not considered a form of treatment. They are crucial parts of intervention for all juvenile sexual offenders to prevent further sexual behaviors again.

Principles for Care of Juveniles who have Sexually Offended
The characteristics of the family of a juvenile sexual offender are troubled adolescent behavior, environment (can be either advantage or disadvantage of neighborhoods), and has shown effects such as use of aggression or force. In order to understand and make treatment for the adolescent that one needs to view the adolescent within the context of their family, school, and other social systems. Assessment and treatment should be based on a developmental perspective (sensitive to developmental change). During adolescence the brain is not fully developed and it is subjected to change. During assessment and treatment focus on youth's strengths not just their risks. Sexual interests of youth change over adolescence and sexual orientation immerges. "One size fits all" approach is not used, youth who have committed sexual offenses are a diverse population, all different. In many areas treatment response to sexual abuse by juveniles has been based on relapsed prevention, offense cycle, and presumption of sexual dividends. Emerging research suggests that successful treatments are those that include community-based and involve supportive adults in the youth's life. Label the behavior of the youth not their identity, this helps to make sure that youths do not develop a view of themselves as unable to develop into healthy individuals. Labeling the youth as perverted and so on will negatively affect the youth and those around. Juveniles are still developing during this time, that being said sexual offender registries and community notification should not be applied to them. Interventions are based off scientific investigation, valid tests of efficacy and effectiveness not based on an individual's personal or popular beliefs.

Professional Competence
In order for an individual to be professional in this type of work they need to possess clinical training and experience in child and adolescent psychopathology and problem behavior as well as specialized training in the sexual development of youth. Generally an individual would need licensure as a psychiatrist, psychologist, clinical social worker, or clinical therapist with board certification specific to children and adolescents. Also they need to be competent to differentially identify normative vs. problematic sexual behavior.

"The following are minimal standards for a professional responsible for the assessment and/or treatment of a child or juvenile who has committed a sexual offense:


 * 1) A minimum of a master's degree or its equivalent or medical degree in a clinical field granted by an institution of higher education accredited by a national/regional accrediting board or institution.
 * 2) Demonstrated competence in therapy indicated by a license (or its equivalent from a certifying body) to practice medicine, psychology, clinical social work, professional counseling, or marriage and family therapy.
 * 3) Specialized competence in the assessment and treatment of children and juveniles, as demonstrated by board certification, specialized training, or supervised clinical experience, along with continuing education.
 * 4) Knowledge of child and juvenile sexual development, as demonstrated by specialized training or continuing education.
 * 5) Demonstrated training and competence in providing psychotherapy to juveniles and families."