User:MUzamil11/The Romantic Movement

The Romantic movement is generally considered to be a reaction to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's Aligarh movement. Because the movement of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was a reform movement. This period was the era of civilization and morality and the prose of civilization was rational, logical, reasoning and meaningful. Moreover, the literature of civility and ethics looked at the religious, moral, cultural and cultural values ​​with a view of value. Against this spirit and feeling there arose a reaction of the romantic nature, and the cry of passion and imagination which the Aligarh movement had tried to suppress could not but rise. But before reading about romanticism or the romantic movement, let us see what is meant by romanticism

The meaning of romanticism
While discussing romanticism, Dr. Syed Abdullah states that this word, as heartwarming as it is, is not so easy to interpret. Dictionaries and glossaries, encyclopedias of terms and books of criticism tell a different story in this regard. Therefore, if you want to say something specific about romanticism, you can say that the meanings of romanticism are romanticism. However, while explaining the meaning of Romanticism, Syed Abdullah writes that a loose meaning of Romanticism is that it expresses a style of expression or a style of feeling in which the grip of imagination is stronger than that of thought. By imitating customs and traditions, thoughts should be allowed to flow freely like a flood.

In short, the Romanian writer prefers his passion and intuition to everything else. His approach, both in style and ideas, balances rebellion and innovation with independence and tradition versus imitation. The Romani writer is more interested in the past or the future than the present. It paints images of imaginations and dreams that are more welcoming than reality, and spaces full of wonders and enchantments. He finds the hazy horizon a mixture of moonlight and darkness more pleasant than the brightness of the afternoon and the light that makes everything clear. Dr. Muhammad Hasan while explaining Romanity says that the word "Romanity" is derived from romance. And in the Romance languages ​​it is applied to the kind of prose-stories that tell stories of love and romance against an ornate backdrop, usually inspired by the adventures of medieval warriors and adventurous youths. It was related. Thus this word has three special meanings.

Everything related to love came to be called Ramani.

The texture, ornamentation, ornamentation and imitative detail of the language came to be called romanization.

The attachment to all things associated with the Middle Ages, conservatism and retrospect, was given the title of Romani.

Romanticism in the West
It is difficult to say definitively when this movement emerged in Europe. However, it is said with certainty that the heyday of this movement in Europe extends to the middle of the eighteenth century. This movement was most popular in France, England and Germany. The reason for its spread in these countries was the changes in the conditions under the influence of which changes in the people's ideas took place. These changes are due to the political and social revolutions of Europe.

In relation to literature, this word was first used in 1781 by Wharton and Bird. After that, in 1820 Goethe and Schiller started to apply romanticism in relation to literature. But as a term it was coined by Madame de Style and Schiegel. Rousseau is recognized as the greatest pioneer of Romanticism in Europe because he was the first to emphasize the freedom of the individual. Therefore, this statement of Rousseau is called the message of Romanticism.

"Man is born free, but wherever you look, he is chained."

According to Rousseau, the main cause of human unhappiness is artificiality and structure, and the reason for bringing this thing into existence is civilization. Rousseau's ideas greatly influenced Europeans. But Rousseau's field did not extend beyond politics and sociology. Due to which these modern trends in literature were initiated by the later writers and gradually created the tradition of Sartabi with rules and regulations.

Romanticism in Urdu
Although the beginning of Romanticism in Urdu took place in the latter part of the nineteenth century, it gained momentum after the First World War of the twentieth century. It started in Urdu as a reaction to the Sir Syed movement. Sir Syed laid great emphasis on rationality, materialism and factuality and completely neglected the emotional and romantic aspects of an individual's life. This coin continued for some time but eventually romantic writers strongly protested against the rational and objective literature of Sir Syed and thus marked new paths in the world of poetry and literature. And the conditions of that time and the advent of western science further helped this movement to move forward.

Muhammad Hussain Azad, Mir Nasir Ali Dehlavi and Abdul Halim Sharar were the leaders in the reaction against the rationalism and materialism of the Aligarh Movement. They tried to develop styles in which the writer's imagination ran wild with passion. But Azad's romanticism was not the result of any reaction, but rather a reflection of his depraved nature. On the contrary, the romantic act of Mir Nasir Ali looks conscious. Mir Nasir Ali not only criticized Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's scholarly and literary achievements, but also tried to promote the shabu style of composition to break the static shell of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's serious prose. And compared to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, he brought out magazines like "Fasana Ayam", "Sadaya Aam". Abdul Halim Sharar is another example of intense emotional behavior and romantic style of feeling in the era of Sir Syed. Abdul Halim Sharar reacted against the collective decline of Muslims and sought solace in the glorious past in which the glory and awe and might of Muslims pulled the ropes of East and West. They are like this.

Abdul Rehman Bajnoori

Josh Malciani

Faraq Gorakhpuri

Mehdi Afadi

Majnu Gorakhpuri

Sahbai

Arsh Malsiani

Apart from this, there are many romanticists in Urdu literature, but there is no concrete one except Western literature.

Repository magazine
Sir Abdul Qadir published Mahnama Makhzan from Lahore in 1901 with the beginning of the 20th century. Which has a prominent position in Urdu scientific and literary journals. The publication of this magazine not only strengthened the Romantic movement but also paved the way for later movements. All the romanticists of their time wrote in this magazine and this magazine introduced many writers to the Urdu class.

Abul Kalam Azad
Referring to the Romani prose of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Dr. Muhammad Hasan writes that his voice comes from the heights and does not come down from the heavens like his lofty personality, he speaks with a prophetic tone. There is a touch of individuality in his tone which is not found in any other prose writer of this period. According to Qazi Abdul Ghaffar,

"There is no other writer in Urdu literature who has hit the minds of the people with his individuality with such intensity. "

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad freed prose from prose and founded a separate style. In this sense, Azad is the first Sahib-style prose writer of the modern era who, under the influence of his style, made the elementary schools of government and philosophy worthless in front of his song color. His prose is more than wise. They have instilled in our Asian minds a sense of inferiority and inferiority, humiliation and lack of courage through the scourge of individualism, which manifested itself in the form of a strong desire for change and an immense hatred of the present. His prose gave Urdu literature a new confidence. However, there is a flaw in his prose that it is burdened with the study of Abul Kalam Azad and instead of being inspired by it, the reader is immediately mesmerized by it. And the texture of the prose is very complicated and not easy to follow.

= Romantic poetry = Romantic thought also influenced the poets to a great extent. And many poets of that era adopted this influence. In which most of the poets slowly traveled towards revolution and realism. The following are the poets of that era who had the romantic style of thought.

Allama Iqbal
Among the writers in Risala Makhzan, the name of the leading poet of the East is Allama Iqbal. Most critics of Allama Muhammad Iqbal say that romantic influences are prominent in Iqbal's poetry. The intensity and dominance of emotions and intuition is so much with him that it would not be wrong to call him a romantic poet. Allama Iqbal built a new world with the words of wisdom and love and the importance of passion and intuition is fundamental in the construction of this world. But Iqbal, like Rousseau, advises the self to control the intensity of immense passion not through reason, but with the help of Ishq, an intense passion. For example

Love jumped safely into the fire of Nimrod

Mentioning Iqbal's romanticism, Anwar Sadid writes that during his university education, Iqbal was introduced to Romani poets and started liking this poetry, but romanticism captured his heart and mind. The critics pointed out three romantic angles in Iqbal. These include the pursuit of eternal beauty, the highlighting of past glories, and the creation of romantic characters.

Akhtar Sherani
Akhtar Shirani is an important name among Urdu romance poets. Akhtar Sherani's poetry has a distinctly romantic outlook. They tend to avoid and escape from the present. Instead of facing the concrete facts of life, Akhtar Shirani takes refuge in an imaginary life.

In the poetry of Akhtar Shirani, women have a fundamental position. For the first time in the history of Urdu literature, he openly and unabashedly expressed his love in the name of his beloved and called his love real life. Akhtar Sherani made a middle-class girl his lover and started the tradition of reciting poetry with her name. So sometimes they mention Salma's Roman Hussain and sometimes Ezra, Naheed, Parveen, and sometimes Shamsa's poisoned lips. But the way he worshiped transcendental tenderness and sarcastic suggests that he is more in love with sarcastic and love than suffering from the sorrows of a particular beloved. Imagination is also suspected in Akhtar's flesh poppy woman.

In some poems of Akhtar Shirani, patriotic sentiments have also been expressed. However, this form of homeland is also feminine. But the motherland is such a beloved that Akhtar loved after breaking up and her separation fills his heart with grief and sorrow. In short, Akhtar Shirani is not a multifaceted poet. The superficial sentimentality of his poetry made him only a poet of the youth. But it is also a fact that Akhtar is a strong voice of romanticism.

I have come to the world for love

Hafeez Jalandhri
Hafeez Jalandhri is one of the romantic poets. He describes the greatness of Muslims with great pleasure. In this regard, one of his long poems "Shahnama Islam" is particularly noteworthy. Apart from pastism, Hafeez Jalandhri has a tendency of naturalism. He wrote many poems, his greatest quality is that in these poems, nature is embodied with the help of simile. Nature comes with a certain style and body shape. In "Athi Hasina Sehar" this process is successful. Hafeez has also used Hindi and all soft and delicate words very well. He has also paid special attention to tarnam and music. And created a song in harmony with the choice of seas and the arrangement of words. He has also made revolutionary changes in the appearance of poems.

Josh Malih Abadi
Jilani Kamran mentions the poetry of Josh Malihabadi and writes that Josh is basically a romantic poet. But their romanticism only mentions the beauty of the figure and bodies. Dr. Muhammad Hasan writes about Josh that Josh is a fan of emotions more than aesthetics and search beauty. The general form of his romanticism is not vague melancholy, femininity and transcendence, but rather thunderous, revolutionary, and mountain-crashing new wavers. The entire poetry of Josh is the poetry of youth. They are convinced of the bold rebellion of passion. There are admirers of his yearning and this yearning, this emotional feeling, is the source of creativity.

There is no doubt that there are philosophical themes in Josh's words. He not only praised science and intellectual consciousness, but in spite of all this, the main theme of passion is romanticism. There are different trends and evolutionary stages and periods in his art, but his emphasis on emotions and feelings remains everywhere.

Ehsan Danesh
Naoy Kargar, Atash Khamsh, Chiraghan, Shiraza, Maqaman, Wound, and Ointment, and Sisal-e-Salas are the poetry collections of Ehsan Danish. In his poetry, there are glimpses of pain, sorrow, work and the vicissitudes of life. Their romanticism is born from an inner sense of poverty. Moments of joy are rare in his poetry and liveliness is sorely lacking. They have no shortage of tears and sighs. The tears of benevolence arise from the abundance of human kindness and they flow until humanity falls. And distinction is made between high and low. In Ehsan Danish's romanticism, memories of the past and naturalism are important. Imprints of this romanticism are scattered in his poems "Sham Oudh", "Betehoye Din", "Morning Banaras" etc.

Dr. Mohammad Din Taseer
Dr. Muhammad Din Taseer's collection of poetry "Atash Kada" is an example of Romani poetry. He is simultaneously associated with the romantic movement and the progressive movement. His poems, for example, Insan, and Dehqan, are described in a progressive style. In poems like Ras Bhar Hont, Devadasi, Ek Sham of London, and Maan Bhi Jao, he is seen as romantic poetry. His independent poems have a deep influence on the Romani poets of the West.

Sagar Nizami
In Sagar Nizami's poetry, selfishness had become a value. So he saw the radiance of the universe in himself and instead of scattering romantic rays, he made a conscious effort to concentrate them on the point of his personality. Sagar's romanticism also presents an angle of selfishness and selfishness. He is not only conscious of his existence. Rather, he also tries to convince that he is the voice of his age and the power of change is present in him.

Altaf Mashhaddi
Stars, flowers, moonlit nights, sick buds, dreamy atmospheres and charming atmosphere have created magic in the romanticism of Altaf Mashhadi and in this atmosphere his romantic characters Rehana, Shamim and Anbar are scattered. Due to the lack of themes, Altaf Mashhadi does not have a sense of diversity. And most of his poems follow a single continuous narrative. Overall, he is a voice of the Romani movement, which includes the voice of Akhtar Sherani.

= Romance fiction = In a way, fiction in Urdu begins with the Romani movement. In Urdu literature, two trends have prevailed in fiction, one is the romantic trend and the other is the trend of the progressive movement. Like the progressive or realist trend, the romantic trend is also a strong trend whose influence can be seen in the fiction of every era. No matter what the romantic fiction is, we cannot deny that the origin of the fiction in Urdu came from the hands of romanticists. Let's examine the work of some important fiction writers.

Sajjad Haider Yildirim
Sajjad Haider Yildirim is the first fiction writer of Urdu. Romanticism is Yıldırım's personality as well as his art style. At the beginning of Shabab, a Romani type of rebellion was born in his mind. They were not satisfied with their environment and wished to change it according to their own mind.

Yildirim is influenced by Turkish literature. According to him, "love" is the only element in life that can become the subject of subtle genres like literature and fiction. He was of the opinion that literature and literature should not be associated with these quarrels in which writers have to become reformers and writers who have to become preachers. This is the reason why he dedicated his writings to the beauty of women and nature and their natural romance. Their subject was the love of man and woman which was not bound by any other customs and restrictions except the laws of nature. He has openly expressed this in his fictions. For example, in Kharistan and Golestan, they write that, "Woman!, Woman!" Woman! There is a vine that wraps itself around a dry tree and refreshes it, beautifies it.”

"If there was no beauty in a woman, there would be no courage and great courage in a man. If there was no great courage in a man, the beauty and loveliness of a woman would be in vain.

Mentioning Yildirim's romanticism, Anwar Sadid writes that Yildirim's gift is that he adapted Urdu literature to an educated woman and recognized her role in life. There is no doubt that when Raswa presented the princes in Urdu, they were indirectly aspiring to get a prostitute out of her room and make her a Khanashin. While Yıldırım explained the way to get out of Harim Naz and perfume life with his charms.

Yıldırım doesn't want any obstacles in the path of love, let two lovers get in the way. They develop hatred against all values that stand in the way of freedom. They are not emotional at all on sexual matters. In order to avoid direct confrontation with nudism and social values, Yıldırım tells stories of an alien world thousands of years ago in his fiction.

In short, Yıldırım's romanticism has an innocent touch that stems from the longing to get toys in a child's face. There is certainly no depth in its romanticism, but there is a simplicity and softness of passion.

Niaz Fateh Puri
Niaz Fatehpuri's fictions are the biggest examples of this fake existence and unreal life "The poet's end" "Shabab ki history" style of writing and style of thinking "Gitanjali" coins spiritual harmony. The same form, the same style of expression and wishful thinking, the same attempt to extrapolate from one thing to another and to see everything as if it had a transcendental existence, and the same philosophical way of thinking about beauty and love. All these things have influenced Urdu fiction for a long time.

His early writings are dominated by romanticism. Earthly things are not found, Marvai things are found. Transcendent uniformity is also found in characterisation. They don't have the typical human character's style and evolution. From start to finish is a basic song that dominates the personality. They don't have any accent, language or style of conversation. All this is the highly literary language of Niaz. Style The style of narration is through the text of dialogues. This prose is similar to dominant, alternative poetry. The scenes are filled with passionate descriptions of nature and abundant passion, similes and metaphors.

Hijab Amtiyar Ali
Hijab Amtiyar Ali's poetry is even more ornate and transcendental and has the richness of emotions and the charm of an innocent beauty. They have an element of tahir. Hijab stories are written in a unique style in the monologue and all their characters are more or less familiar characters. Ruhi is her own name which she accompanies in her pleasant tour of the earthly land. Dr. Yazdani, Shahzad Mashhaddi are names that are friends and acquaintances of their readers.

Majnu Gorakhpuri
Majnu Gorakhpuri started writing fiction under the influence of Niaz Fateh Puri. His first fiction is "The Fate of Zaidi", which is inspired by the history of Shahab. There is no doubt that a refined form of romanticism is found in the legends of Majin. It shows an abundance of passion as well as glimpses of skepticism. Like other romantic writers, Majnu Gorakhpuri's characters are alienated and idealistic souls surrounded by an uninteresting business world who come here to dream and whose interpretation is nothing but pain and suffering. They have a passion that destroys itself when tired of failures. His hero is prematurely young. And when he sees his innocent ideals defeated, he himself becomes addicted to pain and torment. Yegana, Soraya, Nasiri, all are the voices of their defeat. In the stories of the Majin, love is another name for failure, whose punishment and reward is nothing but dying in a mess.

The reason is that the style of Majna is more complicated than both Niyaz and Khaleeqi. There is no abundance of difficult poetic prose in it. He writes in narrative style. But reciting poetry in conversation and quoting poems from time to time is the characteristic of his romantic style of writing. Often his characters speak in poetry. His fictions mirror emotional surrender, which has had a great impact on Urdu fiction.

Apart from this, Qazi Abdul Faghar introduced the romantic style to the new beauty with reference to the novel. "Lely's Letters" cannot technically be called a novel. But they have a tenderness of feeling and a fervor of speech, and in that sense they are a complete romantic creation.