User:Maalmor/Emigration from Africa

Mainspace Prose- plain text

Copyedited Prose- bold

My Prose- italicized text

''"Undertaking the journey to Europe through the Central Mediterranean route carries many risks, including human trafficking, physical and sexual abuse, and even slavery. If the individual reaches the European coasts, the health consequences of their journey are often medically serious." '' https://search.library.berkeley.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7806256&context=PC&vid=01UCS_BER:UCB&lang=en&search_scope=DN_and_CI&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=Default_UCLibrarySearch&query=any%2Ccontains%2CGlobal%20Migration%20in%20the%20Twentieth%20and%20Twenty-first%20Centuries%3A%20the%20Unstoppable%20Force%20of%20Demography&offset=0 Global Migration in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries: the Unstoppable Force of Demography

To-Do:


 * 1) Relocate part of the Lead to the different sections and come up with a better lead HALF DONE
 * 2) Relocate statistic tables to different sections and remove Statistics section DONE
 * 3) Add New Sections and Sub-Sections DONE

Origin by country:

Destination by continent and country:


 * North America
 * Latin America
 * Europe
 * https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022002718823907?casa_token=E8vvrxXwJ0YAAAAA:tvMSRTFw31zi7LUB6c-qPne5Vrwv_AfukoWLDB2JxMptsljhl5GO5ZDr9qlY4LnSbJZnxVczkTymVaQ Trends in African migration to Europe (c/f with other article)
 * https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2020.1792333?casa_token=KLhBolJks3kAAAAA:nX5aK-16oMbCnLI1_FMKXE5tA0euW4QdJeqcNrjDb57_PNNifCqHn25zWW4BQI3LP_oRTKzOsdIkEqw 11 country comparative
 * https://www.academia.edu/download/61456077/web_PDF_Identity_Crisis_in_Italy20191208-80688-1sedll.pdf#page=26 Who is coming to Italy from Africa?
 * Asia
 * Many young African students choose China as a destination, as the presence of Chines industries and businesses in Africa has increased considerably in recent years.
 * https://www.chronicle.com/article/african-students-see-china-as-a-path-to-a-prosperous-future/ potential brain drain, diff. destinations, China
 * Oceania

Reasons for emigration:

Also referred to as "push factors"


 * Coloniality and underdevelopment
 * Epistemic imbalance
 * Conflict
 * Depressed economies

''According to institutions and governments, humanitarian aid provided to refugees and migrants at international borders is considered a "pull factor" when it becomes known to the potential irregular migrants. Knowing that there will be humanitarian assistance at the border supposedly increases the incidence of non-sanctioned border crossings.''
 * https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02632764211054123?casa_token=JkUwAY_I8OYAAAAA:vn76olc_FfoegOF6uqR-WdyhyKWFGTocL6YAFwDyBArNaHMAKeer1xziSKlHrI8v7edLA1X8kcMLg6o Coloniality, Epistemic Imbalance, and Africa's Emigration Crisis
 * https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/103316 A study of the information behaviors of African refugees > VERY PERTINENT FOR OPEN ARMS
 * https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15562948.2018.1517424?casa_token=DuS9JaU5CbIAAAAA:nLqKonCfN8cAeT5oiXkr2bSsubjjTBhfBnIC1AsnxBqosiycb8iYIYhQXTuslc0Zd_oirXNckLr2CuA Conflict as a cause
 * http://sonta.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/NTJ-Vol-18-2.pdf#page=49 Youths and negative steps in a depressed economy > cause
 * https://siecon3-607788.c.cdn77.org/sites/siecon.org/files/media_wysiwyg/171-murat_1.pdf Links bw emigration/income/development

Effects of emigration in Africa:

Risks and dangers:
 * Brain drain
 * Especially physicians
 * https://www.ft.com/content/9647519c-207a-11e3-b8c6-00144feab7de re: brain drain (link requires membership and needs update)
 * https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12960-017-0217-0 Physician emigration 2005-2015
 * https://thenationonlineng.net/medical-brain-drain-time-to-stop-the-bleeding/ same, more recent
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629620310559?casa_token=jETdc775jnwAAAAA:ocFWy8XmFYrobMO9ci31aNeSI8lFdwsrIq_IUpx9boDZ6MtD6PWg4lKlIpoMMAy8czSrbkTBsOb7 brain drain study
 * Talent drain
 * Especially sports talent
 * https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/29/sports/tennis/africas-tennis-talent-though-obscure-is-apparent.html re: talent drain
 * http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/cone/cone11-29-07.asp re: activist art, Diaspora, show in Paris in 2008
 * Economic:
 * Loss of educational investment, loss of labor force, remittances, dependence
 * https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Migration_and_Governance_in_Africa.pdf#page=39 [PDF] Irregular Migration and Underdevelopment of Africa: An Assessment of African Union Policy Response
 * https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/27/4/369/4804142 Growth-enhancing effect of openness to trade and migrations: What is the effective transmission channel for Africa?
 * https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10290-019-00344-3 Diaspora and economic development
 * https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/27/4/369/4804142 Growth-enhancing effect of openness to trade and migrations: What is the effective transmission channel for Africa?
 * https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10290-019-00344-3 Diaspora and economic development


 * Difficulties faced by emigrants on the journey


 * Difficulties faced by emigrants at destination
 * Insufficient information on the destination to allow for a smooth transition and adaptation period.
 * Misinformation regarding asylum laws and unfounded expectations.
 * Xenophobia

https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2017-09-17/local-news/Extreme-right-Marsa-protest-going-ahead-despite-mayors-boycott-6736179103 Anti-immigrant sentiment, xenophobia