User:Machibya masanja

Machibya Masanja The aim of this study was to    improves  awareness  on the  effects of parthenium weed in different crops  particulary in the maize and beans to the  farmer  in parts of Tanzania   since Several studies  reported  on the  distribution of parthenium  weed as done by  R .Kilewa  in 2010  these  study   showed   that parthenium   is  the major  inversive  weed in cropped  and non cropped  area  , In Tanzania  Parthenium  weed   firstly  recorded in Arusha along the road side  near  Arusha airport and  in  Arusha city also near the Kilimanjaro international airport  an ealier the  country  does not report  the  occurrence of the parthenium but noe day weed found in more than five region in Tanzania      ,During the  experimentation The  randomized  block  design was used  in which   the  four  plots used  with  six  treatments The first  and  the second plots will contain beans,maize and parthenium weed   respectively  while  the third and  the  fourth plots will contains beans and maize with  no parthenium weed  respectively   as the  controller of the  experiment ,then the data was collected and analysed as The crops in this plots grew  well from the second  week with the average height of 6.13cm to 16.1cm  for maize crops as well as 4.3cm to 8.2 for the plots which contain beans only a in the second week ,this  indicate that  this plots were not affected with the weed in their  growth as the growth well with no effect interfeared during their growth Also in the expermental plots The experimental plots was divided into two plots where by the first plots contained maize and parthenium and the rest plots contain beans and parthenium weed ,thus the average growth for the first plots was 5.97cm in the second week as well as 13.1cm in the 4th week and in the plots the average growth was 3.9cm for the second week as well as 7.7cm in the 4 th week of the experimentation. Thus the rate of growth was slow as compared to control plots due to chemical released by parhenium weed

1.O INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background information The parthenium weed is the species of the flowering plants in the asteracea family  which  native to America tropics  (Oudhia, 2000) the  common name for this weed is called Santa Maria, famine weed, White top weed and  weed carrot which is known in many part of Africa including Tanzania(R Kilewa  2017) .Moreover the germination of parthenium reach at maximum 1-6 cm tall after the aches ripen their seed un able to germinate in the soil below depth of 5cm and the whole cycle of the plants is completed within 5 moths  thus after germination the young plants  form  a basal  rossete of pale  green which  persist during unfarvourable time  such as  water  or cold  stress , as the stem elongates  the  leaves produced became rigid , angular which   became stem and the   soft  trichomes of the  leaves considered   importance  within the   genus (Kohil and  Ran, 1994) The parthenium weed are native to North America(Bajwa et  2016) as  reported about origin of parthenium weed also the weed introduced  into Australia and India in the  150s  as  the  probably as the  contaminants of  the  grains or  pasture  weed, parthenium weed has archived  weed  status in those countries (MC Connachie et 2011)  but  now  days  the  species present  in Asia ,Africa ,North America ,Central America, South America , Europes and  Oceania. In Tanzania the wees carrot were firstly reported in Arusha in 2010 thus since in this  year the distribution of parthenium increased  to many Other region apart from Arusha include  Kagera and  Mara region  (Kilewa Ramadhan 2014) Thus parthenium weed is the invasive species which causes different effect on the distributed land for example farm land as the result lead to the loss of yields  (Fite, 2017) since this plants produces alleloparthic chemicals like parthenin, ambrosin, and hysterin that  suppress crops  and pasture plants and allegies effects to human and livestock (Shabir, 2006), ever since this weed became the problem (menace) around  the globe  including  Africa effort have made to control such as mechanical , competitive replacement, chemical as where as biological control ((Adkins, 1976).Parthenium plant contains chemicals, like parthenin, hysterin, hymenin, and ambrosin, and due to the presence of these chemicals, the weed exerts strong allelopathic effects on different crops( (Tefera, 2002). Parthenin has been reported as a germination and radical growth inhibitor in a variety of dicot and monocot plants [13]. The weed affects nodulation in legumes due to inhibition of activity of nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria, namely, Rhizobium, Actinomycetes, Azotobacter, and Azospirillum. Parthenium produces enormous numbers of pollens (on an average 624 million) (Wambura, 2018).

1.2 Problem statements Since the parthenium weed is the invasive  species which causes  the effect of the distributed farm land for  examples the farm land and  pasture land  as  results  causes  the  loss of    yields to some  crops like Wheat, Maize  and  Millets(Fite 2017). Also the weed  has been reported as the germination and radical growth inhibitors in variety of monocots and dicots plants as caused by parthenin chemicals which produced  by the  weed(Tefera 2002) In Tanzania the parthenium weed still not be  investigated  on their  effects to Maize and Beans thus  through this study  their effects on selected   crops  will be  known.

1.3 Objective of the study 1.3.1 General objective The investigation of the  effects  of parthenium  weed  on growth of   different  crops. 1.3.2 Specific objectives To dertemine the effects of pathenium weed on the growth of selected  Crops To compare the   extents  on the  effects  of parthenium   between  monocot  and  dicot crops.

1.4 Research question How parthenium weed affect  the  growth of   selected   crops? In which  extent    monocot  and  dicots    is   affected  by  parthenium  weed ?