User:Maddysroufe/sandboxannotatedbib

Higher and lower insulin resistance
Prevalence of Non-responders for glucose control after 10 weeks of HIIT in adult women with higher and lower insulin resistance. Study of 40 women assigned to HIIT program evaluated in two groups based on if they had high insulin resistance vs low insulin resistance. There were significant changes in fasting glucose and fasting insulin levels in the higher insulin-resistant group. Results show a protective factor of HIIT for increasing the progression of cardiometabolic disease in people who are not highly active.

Limitations: only used women in sample

Impact on glucose control and cardio health (review)
HIIT overall reduces body-fat mass and increases fat oxidation, mixed evidence on its effect on weight loss and if it is better than (or comparable to MICT.

Type 2 Diabetes and HIIT
HIIT reduces human monocyte Toll-like receptor 2 expression. Participants included Type II diabetes patients (n=10) and healthy controls (n=9). Overall anti-inflammatory benefits to those with and without type II diabetes.

Limitations: Not a very large sample (n=10, n=9).

Treatment of metabolic diseases
Hypothesize that carbohydrate restriction plus HIIT is best combination for treatment for type 2 diabetes. IT lowers hyperglycemia, increases insulin sensitivity to improve cardiometabolic health and reduce cardiovascular risk. Though this article gives a lot of empirical evidence for the hypothesis, further research needs to be conducted to test this hypothesis and determine the exact amount of carbohydrate restriction and HIIT could be the best combination to treat type 2 diabetes.

Increases insulin sensitivity
HIIT increases liver and adipose insulin sensitivity

Psychological effects--Chronic Schizophrenia
1. Findings--body weight, BMI, resting heart rate, and pulse pressure decreased significantly. Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory improved significantly and negative symptoms improved significantly

2. strengths--first study of its kind that evaluated the effectiveness of HIIT in alleviating symptoms of chronic schizophrenia

3. weaknesses--lack of control group, small sample size (n=18), only a single training group (unclear the duration, intensity, or frequency that will alleviate symptoms best), selection bias for healthier schizophrenic patients.

4. which side of the controversy is best supported by this study: Although there are many weaknesses, this study is groundbreaking in evaluating the psychological effects of HIIT and the possible use as a treatment beyond physical health issues into mental health issues.

Psychological effects--high intensity training in Prisoners

 * 1) findings--high intensity group showed improvements on anxiety, phobic anxiety, and hostility scale scores compared to cardiovascular resistance training (CRT) and no exercise
 * 2) strengths--control group and compared against CRT, measured physical and psychological scales pre- and post-training program (9 months)
 * 3) weaknesses--limited population (medium-sentence male prisoners, not very generalizable to general populations), low adherence to program (most likely due to lower-motivation population)
 * 4) which side of the controversy is best supported by this study: this study provides limited evidence for psychological benefits of HIIT, but is restricted in its generalizability due to its specific sample (prisoners). However, this research provides evidence that could help this target population find healthy and adaptive strategies to relieving depression and anxiety symptoms as well as hostility.

Psychological effects--executive function

 * 1) findings-- both exercise types were capable of improving executive functioning, but HIIT prolonged improvement in post-exercise executive function vs MCT
 * 2) strengths
 * 3) weaknesses--did not measure cerebral neural activation or lactate metabolism (which may also be associated with increase in executive functioning); did not compare results to those of sedentary control; both types of training were matched in volume, but not in intensity/duration (effect of these factors remains unclear)
 * 4) which side of the controversy is best supported by this study: this study supports HIIT as an enhancer of executive function, but only when compared to moderate-intensity interval training since it was not compared to a control sedentary population. the limitations suggest that there may be a relationship, but there are many possible confounding variables.

Psychological effects--affective response

 * 1) findings--(exploratory study) significant reduction in anxiety, tension, depression, anger, confusion, psychological distress, and physical symptoms associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) after one session of exercise, independent of intensity of exercise
 * 2) strengths--compared high- and low-intensity exercise to control group (no exercise) and each other. explored area where there was no consensus as to whether exercise improves affective responses. used comparable samples (similar height, weight, and age), and TBI patients were also compared to healthy participants for baseline measurements mentioned above. First study to evaluate effects of single session of exercise of psychological responses of patients with TBI. First to test hypothesis that the intensity of exercise may play role in affective responses of this population
 * 3) weaknesses--lack of structural psychiatric interview to better describe psychiatric status of patients and controls; small sample size
 * 4) which side of the controversy: exercise is beneficial, regardless of intensity--argues in favor of both high- and low-intensity exercise over control

Insulin Sensitivity
HIIT has been shown to affect insulin sensitivity, which can have major health implications. In a study of women with higher and lower insulin resistance, HIIT was shown to lead to significant changes in fasting glucose and decrease insulin resistance in the higher insulin-resistant group. Another study consistent with these findings showed that HIIT training increased both liver and adipose insulin sensitivity. HIIT was also evaluated as a treatment for type 2 diabetes by lowering hypergylcemia and increasing insulin sensitivity in obese type-2 diabetic patients.

Fat Oxidation (additional studies)
More recent research has provided more evidence for HIIT's effects on fat oxidation. A recent study has revealed that HIIT reduces overall body-fat mass and increases fat oxidation, but there is mixed evidence as to its effectiveness compared to MICT (moderately-intense continuous training).

Psychological Effects
There are many researched psychological effects of HIIT. In a study with patients with chronic schizophrenia, researchers found that introducing HIIT resulted in significant alleviation of symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory scales. Research with prison populations have also revealed improvements on anxiety, phobic anxiety, and hostility scale scores compared to cardiovascular resistance training (CRT) and no exercise. HIIT's effect on executive functioning has also been researched, revealing that both HIIT and MCT exercise types were capable of improving executive functioning, but HIIT was significantly prolonged improvement in post-exercise executive function. In addition to the aforementioned improvement in depressive and anxiety symptoms, HIIT has also been explored as a way to reduce tension, anger, confusion, psychological distress, and physical symptoms associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) after only a single session of exercise, though these results were independent of the intensity of the exercise.