User:Maggie0587/Indian Star Tortoise

Lead
The Indian star tortoise is a tortoise species that is commonly found being illegally sold all over the world and is now considered vulnerable to extinction. These tortoises are found being transported and sold in very large numbers worldwide, devastating the species' population and well-being. Being beautiful, easy to care for, long-living, and docile nature has caused the tortoises to become vulnerable to the illegal pet trade.

Geographic and Habitat
Indian star tortoises are native to parts of western and southeastern India, the island of Sri Lanka, and southeastern Pakistan (Bouchard). Although there are no recognized subspecies, there are variations in color and morphology between the tortoises found in the different regions. The Indian star tortoises found in southeastern India tend to be a bit smaller and have a lighter, more contrasting pattern on their shell compared to the ones found in northern India. The tortoises in Sri Lanka tend to have wider yellow markings and are generally larger than the tortoises found in India (Bouchard). Little used to be known about the phylogeographic differentiation in the Indian star tortoises until a study done by Gaur in 2006 (Vamberger). The study revealed that the tortoises from the distribution patches between India and Sri Lanka are indeed distinct (Vamberger). These tortoises are known to widely inhabit many different types of habitats across India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. They have displayed a very high tolerance to areas with seasonally dry and wet habitats. Star tortoises have been found in rainy deciduous forests, dry grasslands, and even semi-desert lands (Bouchard).

Reproduction and Young
Females typically reach sexual maturity around 8-12 years old, while males reach sexual maturity around 6-8 years old (Bouchard). Males will compete for mates and assert dominance by ramming into other males and trying to flip them onto their backs. Around 60-90 days after the female mates, she will search and try to find an area to dig a nest where she will then lay her eggs. Female star tortoises can lay anywhere from one to nine clutches annually, with each clutch containing one to ten eggs (Bauernfeind). After she lays her eggs, she will cover them back up with the sand and the eggs have to be incubated for 50-180 days (Bouchard). The egg of a star tortoise is a hard but also brittle shell that usually weighs 12-21 grams each. When the eggs are first laid they are a pinkish translucent color, then after 2-3 weeks, the eggs become white. The determination of the sex of the tortoises is temperature-dependent. With temperatures between 28-30 degrees Celsius, mostly males will hatch. Temperatures between 31-32 degrees Celsius will result in mostly females hatching (Bouchard). Instead of having a distinctive star, the hatchlings' carapace is a black or brown color with yellow rectangular blotches (Bauernfeind).

Illegal Pet Trade and CITES
Indian star tortoises are the most transported and illegally sold tortoise and turtle. Although they are native to India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, they are found all over Southeast Asia, the United States, Europe, and many other countries (Charles). There is such a high demand for these tortoises, that roughly 10,000-20,000 are taken from the wild each year and sold around the world. Only around 3,000 of those tortoises are rescued from smugglers and markets (Sen). There were over 6,000 Indian star tortoises seized from illegal trade across India, Thailand, and Bangladesh in 2017 (Charles). Tortoises can go many days without food and are very quiet, which makes them easier to smuggle. Smugglers will collect a large amount of the tortoises, tape their legs, and put all of them in small containers, bags, and boxes. Even though they are smuggled in large amounts, many of the tortoises end up dying before they even get sold due to the harsh conditions they endure such as stress, suffocation, cracked shells, and not being able to move. The illegal pet trade continues to devastate the populations of these tortoises and could even potentially cause extinction among the species. CITES is broken up into three different appendixes depending on the level of protection needed and is currently protecting over 38,000 species (World Wildlife Fund). In 2019, the Indian star tortoises were added to Appendix I of CITES after being listed under Appendix II for many years (Charles). This means that the commercial trade of these tortoises or even parts of the tortoises is completely banned. In 2020 and  2021, after being added to Appendix I, the Wildlife Protection Society of India reported that authorities had seized over 3,500 tortoises (Charles).

Disease
In addition to the threat of the illegal pet trade and habitat loss, diseases can also be a huge threat to the population of the Indian star tortoises. Star tortoises are extremely susceptible to pneumonia and respiratory diseases, which often lead to fatalities among individuals (Bouchard). Human handling and the transportation of these tortoises under inhumane conditions will increase the risk of diseases and parasites causing a large number of deaths (Sen). Many of them caught for the illegal pet trade are at high risk of dying from unexpected diseases and many do not end up making it to a home to even become a pet.