User:Maider.deemiliodiaz/sandbox

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Tim Kuhn's peer review
Overall I thought your article was really well written. I can definitely tell that you took the time to research your topic on date rape. One area that I would look into for your final draft is writing to Wikipedia standards. For instance "The criminal justice system forces the victim to describe the sexual assault in detail in order to be able to make a decision in court, ignoring the possibility that the trial can create a hostile environment and be a disturbing moment for the victim." Mainly the second half of the sentence doesn't provide facts for a Wikipedia article. I understand what you are trying to say and I agree with it but, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and fact based. I like how you also divided your headings of date rape. They went from explaining what it was in detail, to punishments and talking about the justice system, victims, and what someone could do to stop it from happening in the future. Great job!

Final article on date rape:
Date rape (also known as acquaintance rape) is a form of rape in which a potential romantic or a sexual relationship is happening between the two partners in the moment that the sexual assault is occurring. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) date rapes are among the higher number of rape cases. [1] Date rape most commonly takes place among college students under the symptoms of alcohol or date rape drugs consumption that makes the abuse more accessible. One of the most targeted groups are women between the ages of 16 to 24. [2][3]

[1] Hammond, E. M., Berry, M. A., & Rodriguez, D. N. (2011). The influence of rape myth acceptance, sexual attitudes, and belief in a just world on attributions of responsibility in a date rape scenario. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 16, 242-252.

[2] Loiselle, M., & Fuqua, W. R. (2007). Alcohol’s effects on women’s risk detection in a date-rape vignette. Journal of American College Health, 55(5), 261-266.

[3] Fritner, M., Rubinson, L. (1994). Acquaintance rape: The influence of alcohol, fraternity membership, and sports team membership. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 19(4), 272-284.

Punishments

Date rape has a particular dynamic: the sexual assault happens on a date type of setting. [4] Therefore, date rapes trials are considered inconclusive by nature and are charged with social concerns (e.g. gender roles, sexuality, body-shape). The criminal justice system forces the victim to describe the sexual assault in detail in order to be able to make a decision in court, ignoring the possibility that the trial can create a hostile environment and be a disturbing moment for the victim. [5] [6]. Besides, jurors’ personal beliefs and rape myth acceptance can be determinant at the time of evaluation the scenery evidence and making a sentence.

Rape crimes are more frequently perpetrated by people that the victims have confidence with and have known for quite a time. Nevertheless, some people’s beliefs don’t fit in within the date rape scenario paradigm [7] because they firmly prejudiced and stereotyped rape, victims and perpetrators. They tend to justify date rape and blame victims, particularly women victims, for the sexual assault by emphasizing the wearing of provocative clothing or the existence of a romantic relationship [8] [9] [10].

One of the main problems of date rape attributions is the type of relationship that the victim and the offender shared. The more intimate the relationship between both partners, the more probable that witnesses will consider the sexual assault as consensual rather than a serious incident [11]. Relationship status can complicate a guilt sentence and that, is one of the main differences between date rape and stranger rape.

[4] Verberg, N., Desmarais, S., Wood, E., & Senn, C. (2000). Gender differences in survey respondents’ written definitions of date rape. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 9(3), 181-190.

[5] Gray, J. M. (2006). Rape myth beliefs and prejudiced instructions: Effects on decisions of guilt in a case of date rape. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11, 75-80.

[6] Lees, S. (1996). Carnal knowledge: Rape on trial. London: Hamish Hamilton.

[7] Anderson, I. (2007). What is a typical rape? Effects of victim and participant gender in female and male rape perception. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 225-245. doi: 10.1348/014466606X101780.

[8] Johson, B. E., Kuck, D. L., & Schander, P. R. (1997). Rape myth acceptance and sociodemographic characteristics: A multi-dimensional analysis. Sex Roles, 36, 693-707. doi: 10.1023/A:1025671021697.

[9] Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1994). Rape myths: A review. Psychology of Women Quaterly, 18, 133-164. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00448.x

[10] Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1995). Attitudinal antecedents of rape myth acceptance: A theoretical and empirical reexamination''. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68'', 704-711. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.704.

[11] Monson, C. M., Byrd, G. R., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (1996). To have and to hold: Perceptions of marital rape. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 410-424.

Victims

Even though date rape is considered a hurtful, destructive and life-changing experience, a research done by Mufson and Kranz [12] showed that lack of support is a factor that determines the fragmented nature recovery of the victims. They refused to disclose any information about the sexual assault to others, especially if they have experienced date or acquaintance rape due to the feeling of self-humiliation and self-blame [13] [14].

However, there are several situational context where victims are able to seek for help or able to reveal these tragic experiences. One act for disclosure can be provoked from the willing of preventing other people from being raped. Also, a concern transmitted by the people surrounded the victim can lead into a confession of the assault, or within a situation in which alcohol is involved and that leads to recount the experience.

Minority group victims

Most of the research on sexual assault victims have been carried on with White-middle class population. However, the scale of date and acquaintance rape among Black and Hispanic youth population is higher [15] [16] and has its particular risk factors [17] [18]. A research conducted on 2013 indicated that sexual assault situations were greater among Hispanic (12.2%) and Black (11.5%) female high-school students than whites (9.1%) [19].

[12] Mufson, S., & Kranz, R. (1993). Straight Talk about Date Rape. New York: Facts on File.

[13]Hall, R. (1995). Rape in America. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

[14] Koss, M. P., Dinero, T., Seibel, C., & Cox, L. (1988). Stranger and acquaintance rape: Are there differences in the victim’s experience? Psychology of Women Quaterly, 12, 1-24.

[15] Halpern, C. T., Spriggs, A. L., Martin, S. L., & Kupper, L. L. (2009). Patterns of intimate partner violence victimization from adolescence to young adulthood in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 508–516.

[16] O’Leary, K. D., Slep, A. M., Avery-Leaf, S., & Cascardi, M. (2008). Gender differences in dating aggression among multi-ethnic high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 473–479.

[17] Hokoda, A., Galvan, D., Malcarne, V., Castaneda, D., & Ulloa, E. (2007). An exploratory study examining teen dating violence, acculturation and acculturative stress in Mexican–American adolescents. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 14, 33–49.

[18] Ulloa, E. C., Jaycox, L. H., Marshall, G. N., & Collins, R. L. (2004). Acculturation, gender stereotypes and attitudes about dating violence among Latino youth. Violence and Victims, 19, 273–287.

[19] Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Hawkins, J., Harris, W. A. et al. (2014). Youth risk behavior surveillance— United States, 2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(4), 1–168.

Prevention

Education programs are one way to prevent, protect and raise awareness about rape and acquaintance rape. But this prevention programs don’t have a huge impact [20]. The combination of sexual harassment prevention tips, survival information and the psychosocial data gathered from women’s assessment of date risks, make these programs focus on broad topics and don’t emphasize on specific and particular areas of date rape prevention [21] [22] [23] [24].

For future prevention programs, they should focused more on engaging men and creating an open space for conversation and recognition on holding possible gender bias beliefs and sexual behavior myths, which can lead then to be promote sexual harassment behavior [25].

[20] Anderson, L.A., & Whiston, S.C. (2005). Sexual assault education programs: A meta-analytic examination of their effectiveness. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(4), 374–388.

[21] Rothman, E., & Silverman, J. (2007). The effect of a college sexual assault prevention program on first-year students’ victimization rates. Journal of American College Health, 55(5), 283–290.

[22] Bondurant, B., & Donat, P.L.N. (1999). Perception of women’ sexual interest and acquaintance rape: The role of over perception and affective attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23(4), 691–705.

[23] Cue, K.L., George, W.H., & Norris, J. (1996). Women’s appraisal of sexual assault risk in dating situations. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 487–504.

[24] Norris, J., Nurius, P., & Dimeff, L.A. (1996). Factors affecting women’s perception of resistance to acquaintance sexual aggression. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 123–145.

[25] Singh, S., Orwat, J., & Grossman, S. (2011). A protection motivation theory application to date rape education. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 16(6), 727-735.

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Starter article on date rape.

Date rape (also known as acquaintance rape) is a form of rape in which a potential romantic or a sexual relationship is happening between the two partners in the moment that the sexual assault is occurring. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) date rapes are among the higher number of rape cases. [1] Date rape most commonly takes place among college students under the symptoms of alcohol or date rape drugs consumption that makes the abuse more accessible. One of the most targeted groups are women between the ages of 16 to 24. [2][3]

Date rape has a particular dynamic: the sexual assault happens on a date type of setting. [4] Therefore, date rapes trials are considered inconclusive by nature and are charged with social concerns (e.g. gender roles, sexuality, body-shape). Besides, jurors’ personal beliefs and rape myth acceptance can be determinant at the time of evaluation the scenery evidence and making a sentence.

One of the main problems of date rape attributions is the type of relationship that the victim and the offender shared. The more intimate the relationship between both partners, the more probable that witnesses will consider the sexual assault as consensual rather than a serious incident. [5] Relationship status can complicate a guilt sentence and that, is one of the main differences between date rape and stranger rape.

[1] Hammond, E. M., Berry, M. A., & Rodriguez, D. N. (2011). The influence of rape myth acceptance, sexual attitudes, and belief in a just world on attributions of responsibility in a date rape scenario. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 16, 242-252.

[2] Loiselle, M., & Fuqua, W. R. (2007). Alcohol’s effects on women’s risk detection in a date-rape vignette. Journal of American College Health, 55(5), 261-266.

[3] Fritner, M., Rubinson, L. (1994). Acquaintance rape: The influence of alcohol, fraternity membership, and sports team membership. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 19(4), 272-284.

[4] Verberg, N., Desmarais, S., Wood, E., & Senn, C. (2000). Gender differences in survey respondents’ written definitions of date rape. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 9(3), 181-190.

[5] Monson, C. M., Byrd, G. R., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (1996). To have and to hold: Perceptions of marital rape. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 410-424.

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References for my Wikipedia article on date rape.

Singh, S., Orwat, J., & Grossman, S. (2011). A protection motivation theory application to date rape education. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 16(6), 727-735.

Loiselle, M., & Fuqua, W. R. (2007). Alcohol’s effects on women’s risk detection in a date-rape vignette. Journal of American College Health, 55(5), 261-266.

Orton, R. S. (1994). Date rape: Critiquing the critics. Journal sex of research, 31(2), 148-151.

Truman, D. M., Tokar, D. M., & Fischer, A.R. (1996). Dimensions of masculinity: Relations to date rape, supportive attitudes and sexual aggression in dating situations. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 555-562.

Verberg, N., Desmarais, S., Wood, E., & Senn, C. (2000). Gender differences in survey respondents’ written definitions of date rape. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 9(3), 181-190.

Angelone, D. J., Mitchell, D., & Lucente, L. (2012). Predicting perceptions of date rape: An examination of perpetrator motivation, relationship length and gender role beliefs. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(13), 2582-2602. DOI: 10.1177/0886260512436385

Gray, J. M. (2006). Rape myth beliefs and prejudiced instructions: Effects on decisions of guilt in a case of date rape. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11, 75-80.

East, P. L., & Hokoda, A. (2015). Risk and protective factors for sexual and dating violence victimization: A longitudinal, prospective study of Latino and African American adolescents. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 44, 1288-1300. DOI 10.1007/s10964-015-0273-5

Burgess, M. C. R., & Burpo, S. (2012). The effect of music videos on college students’ perceptions of rape. College Student Journal, 46(4), 748-763.

Hammond, E. M., Berry, M. A., & Rodriguez, D. N. (2011). The influence of rape myth acceptance, sexual attitudes, and belief in a just world on attributions of responsibility in a date rape scenario. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 16, 242-252.

Van Wie, V. E., & Gross, A. M. (2001). The role of woman's explanations for refusal on men's ability to discriminate unwanted sexual behavior in a date rape scenario. Journal of Family Violence, 16(4), 331-344.

Grubb, A. M., & Harrower, J. (2009). Understanding attribution of blame in cases of rape: An analysis of participant gender, type of rape and perceived similarity to the victim. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(1), 63-81.

Dunn, P. C., Vail-Smith, K., & Knight, S. M. (1999). What date/acquaintance rape victims tell others: a study of college student recipients of disclosure. Journal of American College Health, 47(5).

Porges, S. W., & Peper, E. (2015). When not saying no does not mean yes: Psychophysiological factors involved in date rape. Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 43(1), 45-88. DOI: 10.5298/1081-5937-43.1.01