User:Makaylaryan14/Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder


 * 1) Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder

Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is a cluster C personality disorder marked by a spectrum of obsessions with rules, lists, schedules, and order, among other things. Symptoms are usually present by the time a person reaches adulthood, and are visible in a variety of situations. In the general population it is believed that OCPD and related disorder make up 1-2% of the population. Diagnosing this disorder can sometimes be difficult due to the fact that people with OCPD are mostly high functioning meaning they seem well in most aspects, and do not find any issues with their actions. [1 ]Sometime OCPD like OCD can be mistaken for people taking a liking to cleanliness and organization. The cause of OCPD is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors, namely problems with attachment.

Differential diagnosis[edit]
There are several mental disorders in the DSM-5 that are listed as differential diagnoses for OCPD. They are as follows:
 * Obsessive–compulsive disorder. OCD and OCPD have a similar name which may cause confusion; however, OCD can be easily distinguished from OCPD: OCPD is not characterized by true obsessions or compulsions.
 * Borderline personality disorder. BPD and OCPD can sometimes be seen together, if not OCPD compulsions are more focused on cleanliness, BPD is more focused on interpersonal domains.
 * Hoarding disorder. A diagnosis of hoarding disorder is only considered when the hoarding behavior exhibited is causing severe impairment in the functioning of the person, such as an inability to access rooms in a house due to excessive hoarding.

Autism spectrum disorder[edit]
There are considerable similarities and overlap between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and OCPD, such as list-making, inflexible adherence to rules, and obsessive aspects of ASD, although the latter may be distinguished from OCPD especially regarding affective behaviors, worse social skills, difficulties with Theory of Mind and intense intellectual interests, e.g. an ability to recall every aspect of a hobby. It is often found that there is a significant overlap between ASD, OCD, and OCPD. A 2020 study shows that 54.2% of participants diagnosed with OCPD also met the diagnostic criteria fro ASD. 2009 study involving adult autistic people found that 32% of those diagnosed with ASD met the diagnostic requirements for a comorbid OCPD diagnosis.

Treatment[edit]
The best-validated treatment for OCPD is cognitive therapy (CT) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), with studies showing an improvement in areas of personality impairment, and reduced levels of anxiety and depression. Group CBT is also associated with an increase in extraversion and agreeableness and reduced neuroticism. Interpersonal psychotherapy has been linked to even better results when it came to reducing depressive symptoms. Since OCPD is not one fine line of symptoms there are multiple treatments that can be used depending on the severity of the obsessions and or compulsions and what they consist of. Another form of treatment that could possibly be used is exposure therapy for a patient whose obsessions and or compulsions main focus is germs, cleanliness, and extreme organization.

REFERENCE
 * 1) Tobias A. Rowland, Ashok Kumar Jainer, and Reena Panchal. (2017). Living with Obsessional Personality. National Library of Medicine, 41(6): 366–367. doi: 10.1192/pb.41.6.366a
 * 2) Brunnhuber, S. (2003). Differential-Diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in the Borderline Personality Disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy (Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy), 57(4), 460–470. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.460
 * 3) Gadelkarim, W., Shahper, S., Reid, J., Wikramanayake, M., Kaur, S., Kolli, S., Osman, S., & Fineberg, N. A. (2019). Overlap of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder traits among OCD outpatients: an exploratory study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 23(4), 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2019.1638939
 * 4) Kantor, M. (2016). Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. understanding the overly rigid, controlling person. Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC.