User:Mako021/sandbox

Week 14
Some items I edited:

Males mature at around 11 years of age, growing to 80 - 100 cm in length; females mature in 18–21 years and are slightly larger than males, reaching 98.5 - 159 cm.

Males are identified by a pair of pelvic fins modified as sperm-transfer organs, or "claspers". The male inserts one clasper into the female cloaca during copulation.

Reproduction is aplacental viviparous, which was once called ovoviviparity. Fertilization is internal. The male inserts one clasper into the female oviduct orifice and injects sperm along a groove on the clasper's dorsal section. Immediately following fertilization, the eggs are surrounded by thin shells called "candles" with one candle usually surrounding several eggs. Mating takes place in the winter months with gestation lasting 22–24 months. Litters range between two and eleven, but average six or seven.

Final Draft
Dogfish sharks experience one of the longest gestation periods of any organism, which can last from around 18 to 24 months. During spawning season, which occurs during the colder months of winter, females can lay anywhere from 2 to 12 eggs, which develop ovoviviparously and the pups are birthed as live young, with about 5 to 6 in each litter of pups, mainly depending on the size of the female. Reproduction occurs in the winter in offshore waters, while pups are normally born in the warmer and deeper offshore waters where it is harder for humans and predators to reach them. The reproductive cycle begins when females produce several large eggs of yellow coloring, which become fertilized once they pass through the shell gland and are wrapped in what is called a "candle," or a kind of reproductive capsule. One can determine if an egg is fertilized when the blastoderm is visible. The candle passes through the rest of the reproductive tract until it reaches the uterus. Attached to the gill region of the pup is a yolk sac which provides nutrients for them as they develop, which they absorb as they grow. Even after fully absorbing the yolk sac, the pups may live in the uterus for a period of time afterwards during the gestation period.

In females the size of ova and the state of uteri determines whether sexual maturity has been reached, while in males, clasper length and calcification is the determination factor. Many of the growth patterns show a isometric growth pattern, as the pups have very similar features to the adults. Sexual maturity does not match body size development, they mature quite earlier than one would expect. Most males reach sexual maturity at an earlier ages of around 10 years, growing to be about 60-65 cm in length. Females take a longer period of time, around 16 years, to reach sexual maturity, and can grow to about 80-84 cm at that time. Some dogfish have been seen to live nearly 70 years, but the average lifespan is around 30-40 years. Male Spiny dogfish us their claspers to impregnate females, which take time to develop properly, and before reaching sexual maturity, tend to be longer than their pelvic fins. During this time, the testes develop, but no sperm will exist inside until later stages are reached, and genital ducts are deformed compared to adult ducts. Once the adult stage is reached, claspers have elongated, and are now hardened with calcium and are still slightly longer than their pelvic fin. At this point testes are fully developed, and sperm exist within the seminal vesicles, and genital ducts conform to a twisted shape we commonly see in adults.

Image additions
I was able to upload this photo, but I've tried a few more and they're not uploading properly, which you can see to the right.

Expanding Draft pt.2
Male Spiny dogfish us their claspers to impregnate females, which take time to develop properly, and before reaching sexual maturity, tend to be longer than their pelvic fins. During this time, the testes would develop, but no sperm would exist inside until later stages were reached, and genital ducts were deformed compared to adult ducts. Once the adult stage is reached, claspers have elongated, and are now hardened with calcium and are still slightly longer than their pelvic fin. At this point testes are fully developed, and sperm exist within the seminal vesicles, and genital ducts conform to a twisted shape we commonly see in adults. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286042484_Reproductive_biology_of_spiny_dogfish_Squalus_acanthias_in_the_North_Aegean_Sea

https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-content/fish-bull/natanson.pdf

Expanding Draft
Dogfish sharks experience one of the longest gestation periods of any organism, which can last from around 18 to 24 months. During spawning season, which occurs during the colder months of winter, females can lay anywhere from 2 to 12 eggs, which develop ovoviviparously and the pups are birthed as live young, with about 5 to 6 in each litter of pups, mainly depending on the size of the female. Reproduction occurs in the winter in offshore waters, while pups are normally born in the warmer and deeper offshore waters where it is harder for humans and predators to reach them. The reproductive cycle begins when females produce several large eggs of yellow coloring, which become fertilized once they pass through the shell gland and are wrapped in what is called a "candle," or a kind of reproductive capsule. One can determine if an egg is fertilized when the blastoderm is visible. The candle passes through the rest of the reproductive tract until it reaches the uterus. Attached to the gill region is a yolk sac which provides nutrients for the pups as they develop, which they absorb as they grow. Even after fully absorbing the yolk sac, the pups may live in the uterus for a period of time. Embryonic growth was not uniform but was seen to be approximately 1 cm per month (find more on this).

In females the size of ova and the state of uteri determines whether sexual maturity has been reached, while in males, clasper length and calcification is the determination factor. Many of the growth graphs show a isometric growth pattern, as the pups have very similar features to the adults. Sexual maturity does not match body size development, they mature quite earlier than one would expect. Most males reach sexual maturity at an earlier ages of around 10 years, growing to be about 60-65 cm in length. Females take a longer period of time, around 16 years, to reach sexual maturity, and can grow to about 80-84 cm at that time. Some dogfish have been seen to live nearly 70 years, but the average lifespan is around 30-40 years.



Summary of Work
This week I don't plan on adding anything new, I want to go through the articles and resources I found and put more ideas and facts together. I will link new articles I find but I like the ones I have already found and want to stick to them.

Citation Practice
Life-history traits of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias in the Adriatic Sea

Reproduction of female spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, in the Oslofjord

https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/profiles-profils/spiny-dogfish-aiguillat-commun-atl-eng.html

Ideas to Keep From Peer Review
The two comments that stood out to me are "You can incorporate a new section that focuses on the reproductive structures of the dogfish" and "You can provide a new section on the developmental stages of a dogfish (fertilized egg -> larva -> embryo -> juvenile fish)". I think this was already my plan, but I like how they worded it, and it has given me ideas for what else I want to add to my article. Other comments were about things I had already done, but had added earlier in the semester, so it was farther down and they didn't see it. This includes adding peer review articles, and images, but again I haven't added many images because we will take our own later, and my articles were linked farther down below.

As a group, we noticed that a lot of comments mentioned clarification of certain phrases we had in our individual and group sandboxes, they either wanted more detail, or wanted us to describe something better, and they didn't understand what it meant. They also noted that we should get more peer reviewed articles for our edits, we had some from NOAA and websites of similar fashion, but none from say a research journal.

Peer Reviewed Article
Source: Life-history traits of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias in the Adriatic Sea - Bargione, G., Donato, F., La Mesa, M. et al. Life-history traits of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias in the Adriatic Sea. Sci Rep 9, 14317 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50883-w

In females "sexual maturity was determined from the size of ova and the state of uteri," while in males, their "sexual maturity was determined by clasper length and calcification." Many of the growth graphs show a paedomorphic growth pattern, as the pups have very similar features to the adults. Sexual maturity does not match body size development, they mature quite earlier than one would expect.

Reproduction of female spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, in the Oslofjord

Mentions embryo development, and development of the female reproductive parts. https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-content/2001/994/jon.pdf

Urogenital System
Dogfish sharks experience one of the longest gestation periods of any organism, which can last from around 18 to 24 months. During spawning season, which occurs during the colder months of winter, females can lay anywhere from 2 to 12 eggs, which develop ovoviviparously and the pups are birthed as live young, with about 5 to 6 in each litter of pups. Normally this is done in deeper offshore waters where it is harder for humans and predators to reach the eggs.

In females "sexual maturity was determined from the size of ova and the state of uteri," while in males, their "sexual maturity was determined by clasper length and calcification." Many of the growth graphs show a paedomorphic growth pattern, as the pups have very similar features to the adults. Sexual maturity does not match body size development, they mature quite earlier than one would expect.

https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/squalus-acanthias/

Peer Review
Add some comments to my assigned peers talk box

Current thoughts: Everyone's sandbox looks really good, and presented very thoughtfully.

Ben (team rat) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BenChance/sandbox#Draft_for_Editing_Articles_(Listed_in_Order_of_Importance)_(Week_6)

Sloane (team perch) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sunsetblvd13/sandbox#Week_6_Perch_Draft

Mary (team bowfin) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:My_Unique_Deoxyribonucleic_Acid/sandb

Link to Dogfish Article
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_dogfish

New Edits
From the article: Spiny dogfish are sold as food in Europe, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Venezuela and Chile. The meat is primarily eaten in England, France, Italy, the Benelux countries, and Germany. The fins and tails are processed into fin needles for cheaper versions of shark fin soup in Chinese cuisine.[citation needed] In England, dogfish are bought in fish and chip shops as "huss", and previously as "rock salmon" until the term was outlawed. In France, they are sold as "small salmon" (saumonette) and in Belgium and Germany as "sea eel" (zeepaling and Seeaal, respectively). [They are not commonly found in American Cuisine, and are therefore less commonly harvested in the United States.] https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-spiny-dogfish

Spiny dogfish bodies are ground into fertilizer, liver oil and pet food. Because of their availability, cartilaginous skulls and small sizes, they are popular vertebrate dissection specimens in high schools and universities.

Reported catches varied between 31,700 tonnes in 2000 and 13,800 tonnes in 2008.[10] Bottom trawlers and sink gillnets are the primary tools. In Mid-Atlantic and Southern New England fisheries, they are often caught with larger groundfish, classified as bycatch, and discarded. Recreational fishing accounts for an insignificant portion of the spiny dogfish catch.[11]

The Cape Cod Commercial Fishermen's Alliance promotes sustainable use of the dogfish in restaurants and fish markets in the Cape Cod area of Massachusetts, as of 2017, paid for by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. [They also mention that the spiny dogfish is a smarter option, as they are sustainable, and and sourced under correct regulations.] It aims [NOAA continues] to persuade diners to buy less-popular fish, [in order to increase the number of individuals who live more sustainable lives].[12]

Additions
Reproduction time period/ location: Normally in deeper, offshore waters, during the colder months of winter.

-During spawning season, can lay anywhere from 2 to 12 eggs, with a gestation period that can last from about 18 to 24 months, and the pups are birthed as live young, with about 5 to 6 in each litter of pups.

Article Draft 1
Goal: Create a rough outline of the information I found through other sources, as well as the information I want to add to the dogfish sharks page. Find more drawings and images of the different systems and structures of the shark during pregnancy and development.

New Group Sandbox Link
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Icedburg824/Spiny_Dogfish

General Ideas
1.The urogenital tract:

Females - Found along the anterior portion of the body cavity, as well as dorsal to the liver, located on each side of the mid-dorsal line. The shape of the ovaries has a large dependency on the maturity of the dogfish, when sexual maturity has not been reached they are small and glandular, while more mature dogfish sharks tend to have large eggs inside the ovaries that relocate to the oviducts after traveling through the body cavity. Oviducts are located near each side of the kidneys, these elongated tube-like structures travel dorsolaterally along the body. The uterus is formed from the oviduct distal half. The uterus is the location in which embryos are developed from the eggs, and gestation occurs, typically lasting 18 to 24 months. Attached to the pups are the eggs' yolk sac, which provides nutrients and later on, during development, gets absorbed into their body. The pups, once ready to be born, use the cloaca to exit the parent's body.

Males - A pair of testes exists on either side of the stomach at the anterior end of the body cavity, also located next to the kidneys. The sperm produced here is sent through the thin efferent tubes into the kidneys. The sperm is then sent into the coil like ductus deferens and is passed to the cloaca. While in males it carries spermatozoa and seminal fluid, in females, it carries urine. Male shark anatomy includes claspers, used to insert into the female cloaca, they extend from the pelvic fins. https://www.pc.maricopa.edu/Biology/ppepe/BIO145/lab04_5.html [Add citations]

2. Pup Growth: Need to find more sources on this, haven't found much yet, only that they are born live and are around 20-33 cm in length.

Terminology in Class
Development seems to be through paedomorphosis, the adults have similar traits to the juveniles. Integument includes placoid scales, tooth-like structures that cover the outside of the shark, giving it a rougher texture (Denticles). Tissue types : Connective tissue of cartilage for a skeleton, and muscle + nervous tissue.

Find Your Sources
Goal: Find topics that interest my group and I, find relevant articles that provide the information I want to add to the page, take or use images that pertain to my chosen topic.

Group Sandbox
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:RNAsilencing/Spiny_dogfish?preload=Template%3ADashboard.wikiedu.org_draft_template

Article For Inspiration
Sharks I was hoping to create a section on the dogfish's urogenital tract and go into detail about pregnancy stages, development, and the anatomical structures (with images) of the dogfish with its pups and eggs. Main goal during lab/dissection is to get my own images to post on the page, but if I do find others in Wikimedia I will do so as well.

Images
An image of a Dogfish Shark's eggs:

Getting Started With Our Project Animals
Assigned Animal: Dogfish - Spiny dogfish: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_dogfish

Initial Wikipedia pages I found:

-Squalidae: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalidae I chose this article because this is the family in which spiny dogfish is placed under, and is the second-largest order of sharks, also it has a little more detail about spiny dogfish. This article had a few red words throughout it, which will need updating in the future, and the citations were greatly lacking. It also was missing a lot of other details that are necessary for a trustworthy Wikipedia article. -Fish Fins: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fin#AnchCaudal This article goes into detail about the spiny dogfishes caudal fin, which has asymmetrical lobes and forms a heteroceral tail, and I am interested in learning more about this structure. This article looked very perfect, I would need to read it in more detail to find any grammatical mistakes, but from what I read I believe it is good. The citations look for the most part correctly formatted, although some do look like they need more.

-Sexual dimorphism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is pretty common but I am unfamiliar with it in terms of the spiny dogfish, so I would like to know more about how those differences benefit them in reproduction. This page is missing a few citations throughout the article, and some more detail is needed here and there as indicated by Wikipedia, but overall it proved a lot of detail and the references look pretty trustworthy.

Initial thoughts on the article: This article does look very thorough, with much detail about the different structures of a dogfish, as well as great descriptions of how it uses those structures. The citations throughout the article are present and the references at the end are also correctly formatted. The subsection about commercial use is a little interesting, but it does inform the reader of how these organisms are used. I do also enjoy the fact that conservation statements are placed right under the commercial use paragraph. There do seem to be some details that need to be inserted, especially at the end with time and dates, but those may be difficult details to determine.

Links to backup choices: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaliformes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoviviparity

Items To Edit
Article: Spiny Dogfish

In the paragraph "Conservation Status and Management", the sentence "In recent years, however, the US has implemented fishing controls and opened up the fishery." the ending words need clarification according to Wikipedia.

They need to quantify the sentence "it takes a while to rebuild the population.

In the recent past the European market for spiny dogfish has increased dramatically, need to add specific dates.

The paragraph on fossil range has little to no detail, just two short sentences.

Citation needed in the paragrpah "Commercial use"

Mako021 (talk) 17:57, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

Fixing Citations
Edit citations# 17-22 In the last paragraph under "internal differences and similarities" the sentence "The intestinal epiphelia of lampreys also have ciliated cells...." needs to be changed from epiphelia to epithelial

Citation #17 - Copyright,Editor(s): Douglas Webster, Molly Webster, Comparative Vertebrate Morphology, Academic Press, 1974, Page iv, ISBN 9780127408507, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-740850-7.50002-9.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780127408507500029)

Citation#18 - Khanna, D.R., Morphogenesis, Discovery Publishing Pvt.Ltd. Aug 2014, page 84, ISBN 978-8171417711

Citation #19 - Torday, John S., Rehan, Virender K., Evolutionary Biology: Cell-Cell Communication and Complex Diseases, Wiley-Blackwell, A John-Wiley and Sons, INC., Publication, 2012, page 98-101, ISBN 978-0470647202

Citation #20 - University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Biologists Find that Red-Blooded Vertebrates Evolved Twice, Independently. Physorg.com. Published July 27, 2010.

Citation #21- Jonathan P. Rast, Katherine M. Buckley, Lamprey Immune System is Far From Primitive Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Apr 2013, 110 (15) 5746-5747; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303541110 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1303541110

Mako021 (talk) 18:18, 25 February 2022 (UTC)

Gnathostomata
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata

Everything in the article does explain what a Gnathostome is, and provides quite a bit detail about what traits makes this organism be placed under this phylum. I would mention that there is quite a bit going on when looking at the article, which could be overwhelming for those looking for a quick fact or detail about gnathostomes. The images on the right are quite helpful, they explain when these jawed vertebrates existed, and provide images, as well as the scientific classifications and subgroups. Right below the introduction to the article, there is a phylogenetic tree showing the top three groups within the gnathostomata, and includes images of some of these organisms, and links to describe each organism if they were interested. I think overall the article was a little short, I anticipated that I would be scrolling for a while, but it ended quite earlier than expected. Besides that, I believe it was an acceptable article with good sources, most coming from scientific journals or sourced articles. Mako021 (talk) 06:13, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

Cyclostomi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclostomi

1.The article provided correct detail about Cyclostomata, and mentions things that are very relevant to this group. I would add that they could have gone into more detail about certain things mentioned like who named the group, as well as the comparisons between the hagfish and lampreys. Nothing was too distracting, comparing it to other articles, it was much easier to look at, and the links provided weren't too bunched up to the point of only seeing blue text. I like the timeline image on the side, it was really helpful in understanding when these organisms existed, and colored to see the different ages properly.

2. There are no biases present that I can find, the article only mentions cyclotomi, but does not add any opinions about which subgroup is better, and which one is less favorable.

3. I think the information overall is underrepresented, I was hoping to see a longer article about the cyclostomi, but it was quite short. Also, both lampreys and hagfishes were about equally mentioned, so neither were under or over represented.

4.All the citations I clicked on lead to certifiable journal articles, and some big new companies. Some articles looked a little less useable, but overall, they seem safe. Each source does seem neutral, many are scientific articles, so they are not opinionatedThe citations are also all properly formatted, and look easy to follow. There are some that are not properly formatted, especially ones from 17-30, they only provide links to the article but is not properly set up. This might make the article less certifiable, but the links do lead to scientific articles, they're just not properly formatted.

5. I don't believe there is any plagiarism on this page, most facts that are mentioned are linked to articles that describe something more, or are attached to a reference for a scientific journal. The passage about semicircular canals doesn't have a citation at the end of it, but it does have a link to the article about these structures, which they may have gotten their information from. This might be plagiarism, but I would have to look more into this article and passage to know.

6. All references are cited from 1995 to recent, so nothing is out of date to my knowledge, although I am not an expert on cyclostomi, so I may be incorrect on this fact.

7. AI definitely believe they could have added a phylogenetic tree to their article, with images and even descriptions about why they were split off here. I also wished they went into more detail about certain facts or added more sections about something, especially about the differences between hagfish and lampreys.

8. The talk page is quite lacking, there isn't much being said or added, although when there is, people are polite about adding changes and make sure they agree with it first before changing.

9. I can't find any rating or if it is used as a Wikiproject, but I assume it is not because the article isn't too developed.

10. Overall, I believe this article needs a lot of improvement, there were good facts and detailed, but they weren't detailed enough, and could have been explained in more depth. The citations, for the first half, were very good, but they became lacking as they only had the link to articles, and did not include names or dates to things that are normally required. Also, at least one paragraph was possibly missing a citation, although I may be wrong about that. It's not a bad article, but it will definitely need improvements. Mako021 (talk) 18:10, 18 February 2022 (UTC) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––