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John D. Musa (1933-009) was a pioneering researcher at AT&T Bell labs during 1958-. He spent more than 35 years experience as a manager of software development projects, and was responsible for collecting data from actual projects that continue to be used by researchers in Software Reliability Engineering. He was elected Fellow of the IEEE in 1986 for his contributions to software reliability. He was well known as a cofounder and long-term advisor of the International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering held annually.

Education
He obtained his BA and MS summa cum laude, in 1954 and 1955 from the Darthmouth College.

Contributions
His research includes investigations on probabilistic aspects of testing, and original contributions in combinational ATPG method for partial-scan circuits, spectral testing methods,   adaptive and asynchronous clock testing, hazard-free low-power design,  high-speed testing methods.

International Conference on VLSI Design was founded in 1985 and

Career
His book, Essentials of Electronic Testing for Digital, Memory and Mixed-Signal VLSI Circuits co-authored with M. L. Bushnell, published in 2000, is a widely used text in hardware testing.

His recent research has focused on optimizing testing in the context of varying clock frequencies and supply voltages.

Awards
Awards received by him include the 2012 Lifetime Contribution Medal from the Test Technology Technical Council of the IEEE Computer Society, and the 2006 Lifetime Achievement Award of the VLSI Society of India, "in recognition of his contributions to the area of VLSI test and for founding and steering the International Conference on VLSI Design in India",  1998  Harry H. Goode Memorial Award of the IEEE Computer Society for "innovativecontributions to the field of electronic testing," 2014 James Monzel Award from the IEEE North Atlantic Test Workshop and 1993 Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "in recognition of his outstanding contributions in design and test of VLSI systems." He was made a fellow of IEEE in 1986 and of ACM in 2002.

Personal life
He was born 1933 in Farmingdale, on Long Island. Hisf father was a professor and department chair at the State University of New York. He did a summer internship at Brookhaven Laboratory. He eventually became a supervisor of software quality at tAT&T Bell Labs at Whippney, NJ.

Region
The region is well known for ancient remains. Bakhshali manuscript was found in nearby Bakhshai. T

Discovery
The underground chamber was discovered by accidentally in 1917 during the construction of a railway line from Rome to Cassino. An underground passage caved in, revealing the hidden chamber.

History
The structure is thought to have been constructed by the Statilius family. The then head of the family, Titus Statilius Taurus, was accused by the Senate for what Tacitus in his Annals called “addiction to magical superstitions”. He protested his innocence but eventually committed suicide in CE53.

Architecture
The basilica has three naves lined by six rock pillars and an apse. They are decorated with stucco images of centaurs, griffins and satyrs. Classical heroes such as Achilles, Orpheus, Paris and Hercules are also represented.

Opening
It has undergone a restoration that has taken several years. The 40ft-long basilica is now opened to visitors. The visiting groups are kept small because of the fragility of the monument. The temperature and humidity must be kept within a narrow range. It is open during 2nd and 4th Sunday of every month, and the tour must be prearranged.

Navagarh Tirth
Navagarh is a place full of natural attractive beauty being surrounded by rocky wilderness. It is famous for the exceptionally crafted life size image of Lord (Aranatha) in standing (Kayotsarga) posture.

Read more at: http://www.virarjun.com/news-359689] Navagarh Nandpur Itihas, Ed. Br. Jai Kumar Jain Nishant, Shri Dig. Jain Yuvak Sangh Indore, 2016. It is in the Chandella style and finely polished. It does not have an inscription, but a fragment of a Shantinath image from the same chamber has the date samvat 1202.

In 1940s the site was noted as a collection of ruined sculptures and a set of columns inscribed with Samvat 1203. . It was explored by Pt. Gulabchandra Pushpa, an Ayurvedic physician (later famous as a Pratishthacharya) while visiting nearby Mainwar village. The exploration yielded the image of Lord Arnath in an underground chamber, along with a number of intact as well as damages idols. In 1959, systematic development was initiated with the advice of note jain archaeology expert Niraj Jain of Satna. Since the spot was in a forest, it was decided that the main image should be transported to nearby town, however it was opposed by local villagers. In 1990, an initial structure was built with a boundary wall. Gajrath festivals organized in 1985 and 2011.

It was decided that the image of Lord Arnath should be kept in the same underground chamber (bhoyra) which was accessible only though narrow staircases. A spacious chamber was excavated in front of the bhoyra allowing a large space for the worshippers.

In addition to the bhoyra, the compound includes two additional shrines with modern and ancient images and a sangrahalaya, where a large number of historical idols and fragments are preserved. These include idols of Lord Adinath and Lord Parshvanath from early middle age (500-1000 AD). . Lower fragment of a finely polished black schist Mahavira image dated samvat 1195 (1138 AD) mentions Golapurva Mahichandra, his son Delhan and their family members. Four columns dated samvat 1202 once reused in a reservoir at Sojna are also preserved.

The tirth has been visited by Acharyas Vidyasagar, Vardhmansagar, Devnandi, Padmanandi, Viragsagar, Gyansagar, Vishuddhasagar, vibhavasagar as well as a number of other munis and aryikas.

The tirth has been developed by Pt. Gulabchandra Pushpa, who has served as a Pratishthacharya for numerous Jain temple installations, and is now overseen by his son Br. Jaikumar Jain Nishant, who is also a noted Pratishthacharya.

Facilities
There 20 rooms in the dharmashala dharmashalas. There is a bhojanalaya.

Location and nearby tirths
Atishaya Kshetra: Papora 30 Kms, Siddha Kshetra Aharji 55 Kms, Siddha Kshetra Drongiri 55 Kms, Siddha Kshetra Badagaon 15 Kms.

History
Foods and drinks in ancient India, 1961

Early Recipes
Sushruta Samhita written between 2nd and 4th century BC, is a medical text that prescribes seasonal foods and flavours.

Manasollas, is one of the earliest texts compiled during the rule of Chalukya king Someshwar III in the 1130AD. It includes several recipes including "iddarika" thought to refer to idli, although there is disagreement about that. It has been suggested that Vaddaradhane, the Kannada text of Jain Acharya Sivakoti written in 920 AD, the mention of iddalige may be the earliest mention of Idali. .

Indic and Islamic cookbooks of Sultanate and Mughal Period
The Ni'matnama is a fifteenth-century collection of the recipes during the rule of Sultan of Mandu (Madhya Pradesh), Ghiyath Shahi, and his son and successor, Nasir Shah. It contains recipes for cooking as well as providing remedies and aphrodisiacs. It also includes a sections on the preparation of betel leaves.

Soopa Shastra, (1508 A.D.) composed during the rule of Mangarasa III, a follower of Jainism, is exclusively  vegetarianism. The ingredients and cooking methods are given detail, and even the types of utensils and ovens needed are mentioned. King Mangarasa III belonged to the Chengalvu dynasty, and was under the suzerainty of Hoysala kings The first chapter describes  thirty five breads, sweets and snacks, now mostly obsolete. The second chapter describes drinks, salty, sour and sweet in taste. Third chapter discusses nine types of payasa (kheer), eight types of cooked rice and 24 mixed rice dishes. The remaining three chapters include recipes for 20 dishes with eggplant, 16 dishes with jackfruit and 25e dishes made with raw bananas (plantains) and banana flowers. The last chapter contains recipes using bamboo shoots and myrobalan. Even though it was composed during the rule of a Jain ruler, some of the vegetarian ingredients mentioned, such as onions, are regarded inappropriate for strict Jains.

In the chapter, Pishtakadhyaya, food items made with flour like rotti, mandige, garige, dose, iddali have been mentioned. It shopuld be noted that inncient Kannada poetry has used ‘rotika’ even earlier. It is notable that the word Soopa is used in the same sense as the english term "soup".

The first book of Ain-i-Akbari (the third volume of the Akbarnama), written in 1590, gives several recipes, mainly those prevailing among the Mughal elite.

Bhojana Kutuhala written by Raghunatha between 1675 and 1700 discusses numerous ingredients and dishes then prevailing in the Maharashtra region.

British Period
The British rule saw publication of several cookbooks, some intended for the British elite, others for locals, often in languages like Gujarati, bangla and Hindi. These include
 * Pak-Shastra, 1878, Gujarati
 * Culinary Jotting for Madras, 1891, later republished as Vwyer's Indian Cookery
 * Mistanna Pak, 1904, Bengali
 * Indian Cooking, Savitri Chawdhary 1914, written by an Indian housewife migrating to England.
 * Bengal Sweets, Haldar 1921.
 * Recipes-Of-All-Nations 1923, Countess Morphy, has an Indian section which mentions Gulgula, Halwa and khoa etc.
 * Pak Chandrika, Maniram Sharma 192, Hindi
 * Indian Cookery, Veerasamy 1930s, who established the first Indian restaurant in England.
 * Pak Vigyan, 1939.
 * Navin-Pak shastra

During freedom struggle and After Indian Independence

 * Modern Cookery Vol I, Thangam Philip,  1946
 * Pak Ratnakar, 1958


 * An Invitation to Indian Cooking, Madhur Jaffery, (1973),
 * Classic Indian Cooking, by Julie Sahni, 1980,  she is the founder of the Indian Cooking School, established 1973 in New York City.
 * Lord Krishna's Cuisine: The Art of Indian Vegetarian Cooking Hardcover, Yamuna Devi, 1987

Since India's liberalization
With the advent of TV and the internet, new food authors have emerged in the past few decades.

GLR, The-Economical-Indian-Cookery-Book Ed 9th

http://www.memoriesofbengal.co.uk/history_of_bengal.html http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/4Hb4wLaNjUuFYcQ6rhAgAK/Kitchen-archaeology.html?facet=print

Types of cookbooks


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Vishwani D. Agrawal (born December 7, 1957) is the James J. Danaher Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Auburn University. He has over forty decades of industry and university experience, including working at Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ; Rutgers University TRW, IIT, Delhi.

Education
He obtained his BE from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee in 1964, ME from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in 1966; and PhD degree in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in 1971.

Contributions
His research includes investigations on probabilistic aspects of testing, and original contributions in combinational ATPG method for partial-scan circuits, spectral testing methods   Adaptive and asynchronous clock testing, hazard-free low-power design,  high-speed testing methods.

Career
He is a co-founder of the International Conference on VLSI Design, and the VLSI Design and Test Symposium, held annually in India.

International Conference on VLSI Design was founded in 1985 and influenced the development of electronics industry in India by bringing both top global researchers and practitioners in VLSI. India eventually became a major center of the semiconductor design industry. Intel arrive in 1988 and Microsoft in 1990.

He is the founder and Consulting Editor of the Springer's Frontiers in Electronic Testing Book Series. He is the founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications (since 1990), and a past Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Design & Test of Computers magazine. He has published over 350 papers, has coauthored five books and holds thirteen US patents. His book, Essentials of Electronic Testing for Digital, Memory and Mixed-Signal VLSI Circuits co-authored with M. L. Bushnell, published in 2000, is a widely used text in hardware testing.

Awards
Awards receivee by him include the 2014 James Monzel Award from the IEEE North Atlantic Test Workshop, 2012 Lifetime Contribution Medal from the Test Technology Technical Council of the IEEE Computer Society, and the 2006 Lifetime Achievement Award of the VLSI Society of India, "in recognition of his contributions to the area of VLSI test and for founding and steering the International Conference on VLSI Design in India",  1998,  Harry H. Goode Memorial Award of the IEEE Computer Society for "innovativecontributions to the field of electronic testing," 1993 Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "in recognition of his outstanding contributions in design and test of VLSI systems."

Personal life
He was born in Agra, India. He moved from the United States in 1966, however he remains a citizen of India. He lives in Auburn Alabama with his wife, Prathima Agrawal, formerly Samuel Ginn Distinguished Professor at Auburn University. Their son Vikas Agrawal lives in San Francisco. Their daughter Chitra Agrawal is a cooking expert and a founder of Brooklyn Delhi, line of achaar.

History
Kalustyan's was established in 1944, initially a supplier of Turkish and Middle Eastern spices, dried fruits, nuts, oils and grains, when the neighborhood was largely Areminian. In late 1960s and 1970s, when New York become home a significant number of Indians, expanded to cater to the Indian market, even bringing out its own brand of chutney and mango pickles.

Sinha Trading/Foods of India opened across the street run by an Indian family by Salam Hamid. It was later closed when many competitors sprouted up in the neighborhood. Curry in a Hurry, which still exits, was the earliest Indian restaurants in Manhattan, established in 1975.

The concentration of Indian restaurants and spice shops has caused the area to be nicknamed "Curry Hill"

Madras Mahal, a Kosher Indian vegetarian restaurant was started in 1985.

Kalustyan’s was purchased by Sayedul Alam and Aziz Osmani, originally from Bangladesh bought it in 1988 and has continued the tradition.

Overview
The new facility on a 4.25 acre is locatd on a hill with a 360 degree view of the mountains and the plains. The main floor has a prayer hall with seven shrines: Shiva Parvati, Durga, Venkateshwar (Vishnu), Laxmi Narayan (Visnu), Ram & Sita, Radha & Krishna, and Saraswati. The deities were carved in marble at Jaipur, India, except for the Venkateswara granite image was carved at Tirupati. In the front granite Shiva-Linga with Nandi and an image of Ganesha. The shrines are surrounded by a parikrama. On the other side of the hall, there are smaller shrines for Hanuman, Jagannath (with Balram and Subhadra), Iyappa, and Subramanya (Kartikeya) with Devyani and Valli.

The lower level, when fully finished later this year, will have a large multi-purpose hall with a stage and a kitchen for preparation and serving of food. The hall opens to a patio.

History
Starting in 1960, planning meetings were held at the residances of Dr. Tripathi, Dr. Ahuja, Dr. Gangadharam, Dr. K.C. Gupta, Dr. Vedanthan, Drs. Sagar, Nawal Sharma, and Katharine Nanda. Intially a small house was purchased in Aurora, which could accommodate about 45 people. Kauai’s Hindu Monastery donated a Ganesh murti as the main deity for the Temple. Later a former church was purchased at Wadsworth Boulevard and remodelled to serve as the temple. Priests Acharya Kailash Chandra Upadhyaya and later Pandit Raghavendra Iyer were invited to serve. The land for the new temple was purchased for $500,000 and the construction was thus far has been about $4.5 million. Some of the donor families contributed more than $100,000. Professional contributors included the real-estate agent and the legal expert.

Location
The temple is located 7201 S. Potomac St. Centennial, Colorado, in Denver area.

History
The Banaras Hindu University was established by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya. A prominent lawyer and an Indian independence activist, Malviya considered education as the primary means for achieving a national awakening.

"The millions mired in poverty here can only get rid (of it) when science is used in their interest. Such maximum application of science is only possible when scientific knowledge is available to Indians in their own country."

BHU was finally established in 1916, the first university in India that was the result of a private individual's efforts. The foundation for the main campus of the university was laid by Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of India, on Vasant Panchami 4 February 1916.

Vice-Chancellors

 * 1) Pandit Sunder Lal (1 April 1916 - 13 April 1918)
 * 2) Sir P.S. Sivaswami Iyer (13 April 1918 - 8 May 1919)

Main campus
BHU is located on the southern edge of Varanasi, near the banks of the River Ganges. Development of the main campus, spread over 1300 acre, started in 1916 on land donated by the then Kashi Naresh Prabhu Narayan Singh.

Academics
BHU is organised into four institutes and fourteen Faculties(Streams). The institutes are administratively autonomous, with their own budget, management and academic bodies.

Colleges

 * D.A.V. College
 * Arya Mahila Postgraduate College
 * Vasant Kanya Mahavidyalaya
 * Vasanta College, Rajghat

Works
In addition to to the two massive encyclopedias and the Bangla classics, his original books on history and archaeology include


 * Multivolume Banger Jatiya Itihas
 * Kayasther Varnaparichay,
 * Shunyapurana,
 * Archaeological Survey of Mayurbhanja,
 * Modern Buddhism and its Followers in Orissa and
 * Social History of Kamrup

Honors
He was awarded the title "Prachyavidyamaharnav". There is a street in Calcutta named Bishvakosh Lane, named after the massive efforts undertaken by Nagendranath Basu

Biography
Tulsi was born in 1914 in Ladnun, India to Vadana and Jhumarmal Khated. Acharya Kalugani, then the leader of the Terapanth Sangh, greatly influenced Tulsi. Tulsi took his monk’s vows at age 11 with remarkable dedication, and by the time he was 16, he had already started becoming prominent. In 1936, Kalugani nominated Tulsi to be his successor, making him head of Terapanth group. Through his oversight, he initiated more than 776 monks and nuns.

Anuvrat Movement
Tulsi realized that the independence of India would be futile unless the national character was developed. On March 2, 1949 he launched the Anuvrat Movement to spearhead this idea (anu (small), vrat (vow)). Conceived in five principles (Truth, Nonviolence, Non-possession, Non-stealing and Celibacy), the Movement was inspired followers to practice purity and self-discipline in their personal lives. By experiencing self-transformation, citizens could move toward a nonviolent socio-political world order. The movement also held to the ideas that Dharma is not merely an instrument of ensuring happiness in the hereafter but is also a means to bring happiness to the present life, that he who was fails to make his present life better is unlikely to achieve happiness in the hereafter, and that the primary aims of Dharma is to purify character (its ritualistic practices are secondary).

The movement continued under the leadership of Acharya Mahapragya.

Scholarship
In the 1970s, Tulsi began researching, translating and annotating the Jain Agamas. Tulsi was the first person who sought to rediscover Jain meditation. His work with Yuvacharya Mahapragya led to the Preksha Meditation.

Institutions
In 1948 Tulsi established the Parmarthik Shikshan Sanstha, a spiritual training centre for females aspirants who wanted to lead the Jain monastic lifestyle. nTulsi developed the Saman Order around 1980 in an effort to spread the preachings of Jainism worldwide. This order follows the lifestyle of Sadhus and Sadhvis with two exceptions: They are granted permission to use means of transportation. They are allowed to take food which is prepared for them. This order can be termed as the link between the normal households and the Jain monks and nun.

As a Wandering Ascetic
Jain Monks and nuns remain under a vow of moving on foot all their life. In Tulsi’s lifetime he covered more than 70,000 Km. His major wanderings included:


 * 1949 : From Bikaner to Jaipur, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and back to Rajasthan.
 * 1955 : From Rajasthan to Gujarat, Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh and back to Rajasthan.
 * 1958 : From Rajasthan to Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, again Bihar, Uttar pradesh, Delhi, Haryana and back to Rajasthan.
 * 1966 : From Rajasthan to Gujarat, Maharastra, Tamilnadu, Pondicherry, Kerala, Karnataka, Andra Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and back to Rajasthan.
 * 1974 : From Rajasthan to Haryana, Delhi, Punjab, and back to Rajasthan.
 * 1981 : From Rajasthan to Haryana, Delhi and back to Rajasthan.
 * 1987 : From Rajasthan to Haryana and Delhi and back to Rajasthan.

In the course of these marches, Tulsi had widespread contact with people and preached to Anuvrat-oriented life and abstinence from alcohol.

Recognitions

 * Title of Yug Pradhan in 1971 by the president of India V. V. Giri
 * Bharat Jyoti Award
 * Vakpati Award
 * The Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration in 1993

On 20 October 1998, the vice-president, Krishna Kant, released an Indian commemorative three-rupee postage stamp of Tulsi. Kant said that the Tulsi gave a new and contemporary direction to the high ideals of Jainism.

Memorial
To preserve Tulsi’s teachings, followers built a memorial in the village of Todgarh named Mahashila Abhilekh.

Table
Khajuraho Temples