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Stephen Y. H. Su (born July 6, 1938) was a professor of  Professor of Computer Science at Binghamton University. He has over four decades of industry and university experience, including working at IBM on array logic, for UNIVAC on design automation, for Bell Laboratories on digital simulation and fault diagnosis. His research contributions include design automation and testing for digital systems.

Education
He received the a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the National Taiwan University, Taiwan, in 1960. He earned his M.S. degree in electrical engineering and Ph.D. degree in computer engineering, both from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1963 and 1967, respectively.

Contributions
His research included computer-aided logic/system design, design automation, hardware testing, and multiple-valued logic.

Career
His industrial experience included work for IBM on array logic, for UNIVAC on design automation, for Bell Laboratories on digital simulation and fault diagnosis.

He was the General Chair of the 1975 International Symposium on Computer Hardware Description Languages and their Applications, and of the 1976 International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic. He served as an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Computers handling design automation, logic design, and combinational theory.

Recognitions
He received the 1981 Engineer of the Year Award. He served as an advisor for the IEEE Distinguished Visitor Program. He has been an invited speaker at computer seminars at over 80 institutions world-wide.

Students and collaborators
He advised a number of PhD students including Tyrone T. Lin, Chi Chang Liaw, Yacoub M. El-Ziq, John G. Yee, Yashwant Malaiya and Chi-Lai Huang. Chi-Lai Huang became a founder of Gateway and a contributor to the Verilog hardware description language. His other research collaborators include Israel Koren, Yinghua Min, Shiyi Xu, Kewal Saluja, Mark Karpovsky, Michal Cutler, Li Shen and Melvin Breuer.

Personal life
He was married to Anna Su. They have a son Yeemay Su and a daughter Lu Su.

Personal life
He was born in Allahabad, India. He moved to the United States in 1966, however he remained a citizen of India until 2014. He lives in Auburn Alabama with his wife, Prathima Agrawal, formerly Samuel Ginn Distinguished Professor at Auburn University. Their son Vikas Agrawal, a graduate of UC Berkeley Haas School of Business, lives in San Francisco and is the founder of ExpensePath. Their daughter Chitra Agrawal, a graduate of NYU Stern School of Business and former Marketing Director, is now a cookbook author and founder of "Brooklyn Delhi", producing a line of achaars.

The Buddha triumphing over Mara
This exceptional sculpture depicts the Buddha sitting under the Bodhi tree on the verge of enlightenment. Expertly carved in basalt, it has two important inscriptions, one related to the religious nature of the sculpture and the other to its patron.

This sculpture was carved in northeastern India, possibly at Kurkihar, around 850–950, close to where Buddha's encounter with Mara occurred before his enlightenment. The Mahabodhi (“Great Enlightenment”) temple at Bodhgaya has marked the spot of these great events. It is a part of the he Avery Brundage Collection, B60S598 at the Asian Art Museum.

The inscription on the base says that the sculpture was donated by the senior monk Prajnaprabha.

The sculpture
He sits under branches of heart-shaped leaves indicating the sacred bodhi tree. His right hand reaches downward to touch the pedestal — symbolizing the earth. This is referred to as the bhumi-sparsha-mudra. This mudra (gesture) marks the triumph of the soon Buddha-to-be over the demon Mara, who is an embodiment of passions.

The lump on the top of his head may represent the knot of hair, it is sometimes said to indicate his wisdom. He is represented in the padmasana (lotus position) pose. The twisted garland behind the head represents a halo. Around the inside of this halo, is a standard formulation "Ye Dharma Hetu.." dharani (mantra).

The sculpture as a Gupta Masterpiece


Of the hundreds of Buddha images produced by the Sarnath School, most significant being the Dharmachakrapravartana image of Lord Buddha which is symbolic of the First Sermon preached by the Master at the Deer Parks in Sarnath.

Krishna Dev described the sculpture as follows.

"This outstanding image radiates the Master's adamant resolve and strength, combined with complete equanimity, compassion and tender grace. The inspired artist of this masterpiece has caught the moment when the great teacher who had achieved Supreme Enlightenment after six years of strenous exertion, felt overwhelmed with compassion for the suffering humanity and condescended to turn the Wheel of Law

The momentous events of the First Sermon and the founding of the Buddhist Sangha are immortalised in this unique sculpture .. Combining elemental strength with tender grace and subtle delicacy with transcendental sublimation, this luminous image indeed constitutes a masterpiece of the Indian, nay World art, enshrining the noble teachings of Lord Buddha.

Radha Kumud Mookerji writes.

"The Sarnath seated image of the Buddha in the act of his preaching the first sermon is considered as one of the masterpieces of Indian Art, and of its Gupta style marked by its symbolism. .. His hands are shown in the position known as Dharma- Chakra-pravartana-mudra. Indeed, there was a great development in the mudras in the Buddhist Iconography of the time."

Catherine Becker writes

"This Gupta period depiction of the Buddha turning the wheel of dharma in the deer park at Sarnath is arguably one of the most famous Buddha images from ancient South Asia - a canonical example of the "golden age" of Gupta sculpture."

The Dharmachakra Pravarana Buddha image at the Mulagandhakuti Vihara
After the excavations, a new temple was commissioned by the Maha Bodhi Society for construction in 1931. The frescoes on the walls were created attractively by the leading Japanese Painter, Kosetsu Nosu. The focal point of the temple is a replica of the famous sculpture of the Buddha in the Dharmachakra Pravartana mudra.

Replicas of the Saranath Buddha
The image is sometimes referred to as simply as the Saranath Buddha. This is one of the most reproduced Buddha images. Major reproductions include the following.


 * India gifted a 16-feet high Buddha statue to Sri Lanka to be installed at the sacred Sri Dalada Maligawa temple at Kandy in 2010.

Also see

 * Sarnath
 * Dharmachakra
 * Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta

In popular culture
It is said that for the movie Woh Kaun Thi, the song was originally rejected by the movie directory. He decided to inclused it when he heard it the second time.

When the former star Sadhna passed way in 2015, he was often recalled be referring to her as the actress of this song.

Tarachand Ghanshyamdas
Tarachand Ghanshyamdas was a famous Marwari trading firm that flourished from 1791 to 1957. It is believed to have been responsible to introducing many of now famous Marwari clans to national and international business field. The grandfathers of both G.D. Birla and Lakshmi Mittalworked for Tarachand Ghanshyamdas. Tarachand Ghanshyamdas in 1870, had offices at Kolkata, Mumbai, Amritsar, the Malwa opium belt of Madhya Pradesh and elsewhere. Sevaram Ramrikhdas employed, the RPG Group patriarch, Rama Prasad Goenka’s grandfather’s great-grandfather, Ramdutt. It's division resulted in independent branches at Kanpur, Mirzapur, Farrukhabad and Kolkata, the Singhanias are descendents of the Kanpur branch.

The firm initially dealt in woolen garments. In early 19th Century many Marwari merchants settled in the Opium tracts of Malwa, amajority of them Shekhavati Aggarwals, connected to prominent merchants in Calcutta. Opium soon became a major commodity. The records of “Sevaram Ramrikhdas”, a Marwari firm based our of Mirzapur in 1830’s show Opium to have been their major commodity. Tarachand Ghanshyamdas had several branches in the opium tracts of Malwa. Opium sales were Legalized in Hong Kong in 1845 after the British defeated China in the 1st Opium War. The opium trade was expanded after the 2nd Opium War in 1860. Calcutta became an important market for opium trading after auctions in Bombay were discontinued in 1830s.

The founder of the family was Bugotee Ram (Bhagoti Ram), the treasurer or the fotedar (the term became poddar) of the nawab of Fatehpur. He was also a banker to the royal families of Jaipur, Bikaner, and Hyderabad. The Poddar family originally belonged to Churu, but when the local thakur imposed heavy tax on the wool trade, the Poddars moved to a vilage in 1791 in the domain of raja of Sikar and named it Ramgarh. Bhagoti Ram belonged to this clan.

Bhagoti Ram's son, Chaterbhuj, started branches in Amritsar, Bhatinda and Hissar. Chaterbhuj's son, Tarachand, added the trading of opium.

Tarachand Ghanshyamdas was the greatest Marwari firm during 1860s and 1914 when it rivalled British companies in size. They took deposits, gave loans, engaged in the wholesale trade, transferred money for clients to distant cities, cashed bills of trade, insured shipments, as well as speculated on commodity futures.

After the dissolution of Tarachand Ghanshyamdas, the three brothers Bimal Kumar Poddar (was was adopted), Suresh Neotia and Vinod Neotia set up Radhakrishna Bimalkumar in the mid 50's. As a leading agent of Burma Shell in India it operated several branches across UP, Bihar and West Bengal.

Biography
In April 1942, she married Basant Kumar Birla, the son of GD Birla, after having been introduced to each other by Jamnalal Bajaj and Mahatma Gandhi. They had a son, Aditya Vikram Birla, and two daughters, Jayashree Mohta and Manjushree Khaitan.

Philanthropy
He has made notable contributions through his social and institutional activities and takes an active part in their working. He is associated as governor, trustee, or otherwise by establishing the following institutions:


 * Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
 * BK Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology, Pilani
 * Mahadevi Birla World Academy
 * Mahadevi Birla Shishu Vihar
 * Birla Academy of Art & Culture, Calcutta
 * Swar Sangam, Calcutta
 * Sangit Kala Mandir, Calcutta
 * Sangit Kala Mandir Trust, Calcutta

Life
Although raised in a progressive family, Sarala often at husband's side for 73 years. She was 91 years old, but it was a familiar sight to see her holding her husband's hand during family functions, and accompanying him to the annual general meetings of various group companies.

Her collection of Indian art, including that on display at the Birla Academy of Art and Culture in Kolkata, ranks amongst India's notable private collections. The Sangit Kala Mandir, besides the Birla Academy of Art and Culture, were both set up by the couple.

The Caravanserai and Town Hall
The old city of Delhi was laid out by princess Jahanara Begum, who constructed an elegent caravanserai on the East side of the street with gardens in the back. Herbert Charles Fanshawe, in 1902, mentions about the serai:


 * "Proceeding up the Chandni Chauk and passing many shops of the principal dealers in jewels, embroideries, and other products of Delhi handicrafts, the Northbrook Clock Tower and the principal entrance to the Queen's Gardens are reached. The former is situated at the site of the Karavan Sarai of the Princess Jahanara Begam (p. 239), known by the title of Shah Begam. The Sarai, the square in front of which projected across the street, was considered by Bernier one of the finest buildings in Delhi, and was compared by him with the Palais Royal, because of its arcades below and rooms with a gallery in front above. Bernier was of opinion that the population of Delhi in 1665 was much the same as that of Paris, a striking instance of how population follows the court in the East. The gardens must at one time have been extremely beautiful specimens of eastern pleasure retreats, and even now are very pretty."

The serai was demolished perhaps even before the the ghadar of 1857. The seari was replaced by the Victorian-Edwardian architecture building now known as the Town Hall, and the pool in the middle of the square was replaced by a grand clock tower. The Town Hall was acually planned before the Revolt, and was built in 1860-5, as a center for the Europeans and and was initially called the Lawrence Institute. The Institute, contained a Darbar Hall with a publio library and reading rooms. According to MCD, the Town Hall had been planned to serve as an office for the municipality, chamber of commerce, a literary society and a museum to ‘improve the local minds and to forward intercourse between Europeans and natives.’

The Northbrook Clocktower
In front of Lawrence Institute, in the center of the Chandni Chauk, a 128 feet tall lofty Gothic clock-tower with four faces was constructed.

Built by Delhi Municipality at a Cost of Rs. 28,000, it was formally termed the Northbrook Clocktower. after Thomas Northbrook, the  Viceroy of India from 1872 to 1876. Northbrook hotel, a famous hotel near the Moree gate was also named after him. The tower is said to have been 80 years old when it collapsed, implying its construction occurred in early 1870.

It is said that the pigeons sat on its hands so that it never showed the correct time. When Lord Northbrook visited Delhi, he did not quite like the architecture.

Statue of Queen Victoria
Inside the railings of the street will be placed the Statue of the late Queen Empress of India, presented to his fellow-citizens by Mr James Skinner, a grandson of Colonel Skinner, C.B. Further back are the Municipal Buildings, and a museum with a number of objects of much interest. In the gardens ii.] QUEEN'S GARDENS—FATAHPUR MASJID 53 is also one of the restored stone elephants which stood before the Delhi Gate of the Fort. Through the middle of them runs the channel of the tail of the Western Jumna Canal, the water of which was held up at places along its course in reservoirs.



Statue of Queen victoria stood between the tower and the municiple building. also image on cover

1902	Queen Victoria	Outside Town Hall, Delhi, India	Alfred Turner 1876 The statue of Queen Victoria at Delhi College of Art

bronze statue of Victoria Regina was installed in front of the Town Hall. Lawrence Institute. 1866 Municiple bought it, library and european club remained upstairs.

Partial collapse and dismantling of the Clocktower
The leading case in this regard is Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Subhagwanti, AlR 1966 SC 1750, where due to the collapse of a Clock Tower, a number of person died. The Clock Tower belonged to the Municipal Corporation of Delhi and ... The facts	disclosed in	his statement	and that of	Mr. Chakravarty, the Municipal Engineer were that the building was 80 years old and the life of the structure of the	top storey,	having regard to the type of mortar used, could be only 40 to 45 years and the middle storey could be saved for another	10 years. The High Court also	took	into consideration the statement of Mr. Puri to the effect	that the collapse of the Clock Tower was due to thrust of	the arches on the top portion. Mr. Puri was of the opinion that if an expert had examined this building specifically for the purpose he might have found out that it was likely to fall. The witness further disclosed that when he inspected	the building after the collapse and took the mortar in his hands he found that it had deteriorated to such an extent that it was reduced to powder without any cementing properties.

Wandering around in Chandni Chowk, I caught a breathtaking glimpse of the clock tower, Ghanta Ghar, all lit up for the occasion. I stopped to take some pictures of this magnificent tower.

1957 allocated 2 lakh but english relic.

Sabzi Mandi clock tower was covered in a bamboo screen Ramrup Tower, 1941

In popular culture
An old song reacall the clocktower (ghantaghar) that once stood in the center, and India's freedom struggle ( video search):

घंटाघर की चार घड़ी चारों में ज़ंजीर पड़ी, जब भी घंटा बजता था खड़ा मुसाफिर हंसता था। हँसता था वो बेधड़क आगे देखो नयी सड़क | नयी सड़क पर बुआ बाजरा आगे देखो शहर शाहदरा | शहर शाहदरा में लग गयी आग आगे देखो गजियाबाद | गजियाबाद में फूटा अंडा उसमे से निकला तिरंगा झंडा | झन्डे से आई आवाज़ इंक़लाब ज़िन्दाबाद || It recalls the satyagrah by Swami Shraddhanand in 1930s near the Ghantaghar. Close the site, now his statue marks the event.

परंतु इस बार घंटाघर की रिपेयर व घड़ी ठीक न किए जाने के कारण शहर निवासियों में रोष पाया जा रहा है। सन् 1902 में राजा बलबीर सिंह ने महारानी विक्टोरिया की याद में घंटाघर बनवाया था। इसे फ्रांसीसी नमूने के आधार पर तैयार करवाया गया था, इसकी लंबाई 115 फीट http://m.punjabkesari.in/detail.aspx?news_id=301510

आ ही गई दून के दिल घंटाघर की याद http://theveergorkha.blogspot.com/2011/09/blog-post_3178.html

Description
The four-headed Brahma bronze statue has a height over 3 feet. Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala calls it "an exceptionally good specimen of the art of metal-casting in this period". . Śrīrāma and ‎Śaṅkara Goyala term is "true memorial of Gupta metalsmith's artistic genius". It is said to the best example of Gupta art in Sindh.

The object suggests that Sindh was a major center of merworking.

It used to be at the Karachi Museum, but it is reported that it is no longer there.

Comparison with related art
Brahma from Mirpur Khas has been widely used by art historians for comparison with other artwork of historical significance.