User:Malmendras/sandbox



America's Marine Highway Program is a Department of Transportation (DOT) Initiative, aimed to utilize America's 29,000 miles of navigable waterways, to alleviate traffic and wear to the nation's highways caused by tractor trailer traffic. In 2007 Congress included provisions to Federal Law 110-140, to 'Offer a waterborne alternative to available land-side transportation services using documented Vessels' and 'Provide transportation services for passengers or freight (or both) that may reduce congestion on land-side infrastructure using documented vessels.' As the United States' population grows, its need to transport freight within its borders also grows. This increases the need for fossil fuels and damages the nation's highways. It is estimated that in 2008, 3.7 billion hours were lost and 2.3 billion gallons of fuel was spent in traffic jams by Americans. Alongside grass-roots efforts to reduce this congestion and greenhouse gas, such the idea of 'buying local,' the federal government is looking to it's navigable waterways to help alleviate the problem.

Research has shown that transporting by barge or ship is the most fuel-efficient method of transporting goods(per Ton-Mile), being over 8 times more efficient than tractor-trailers and double what is achievable by rail. It also does not face the transportation limits truckers face in 'hours driving.'  A teamster is only allowed to be on the road 11 hours out of 21, this drops their average speed effectively in half, when transiting more than 600miles. A Teamsters daily ranges is also dependant on highway traffic congestion, and bottlenecks (such as weight-stations and toll booths) whereby there daily range could be even less.

Approach to Funding
The United States studied Europe's model of Short Sea Shipping, and has taken a different approach to how it will encourage business and shipping lines to return to the nations intracoastal waterways. The Secretary of Transportation has identified several heavily congested motorways throughout the US that have an acceptable waterway alternative. These routes are identified with a 'M' designator, for example:M-5 identifies the coastal alternative of I-5 between San Diego, CA and Seattle, WA. Once these routes have been identified, state and local government agencies can apply for 'Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery' (TIGER) Grants to improve port infrastructure and encourage the use of water-side shipping. These grants are not intended to 'subsidize' shipping industries, but to improve the size and efficiency of port authorities. This will encourage shipping lines to make use of the increase in port area, and let the natural economic value shipping by water encourage local businesses.

With intermodal transit standardized in the U.S., transferring goods between different modes transports, does not require longshoremen, or terminal workers to re-pack material. this leads to a lower chase of product to be lost or damaged. Many Ports have refined the transferring a container off of a truck and onto a container barge or ship into an art form, and can do this transfer in under a minute.

Environmental
For years the United States has had regulations concerning the handling of ballast water for transcontinental shipping. The goal was to minimize the cross contamination of invasive marine species into virgin waters. Major Shipping hubs such as the Port of Long Beach, Port of New York/New Jersey, and the Port of Houston have been already contaminated for generations. Short Sea shipping will utilize these ports like spokes of a wheel to smaller, easier to access ports, and there are concerns of 'secondary contamination' to these, smaller estuaries.

Trucking Companies
The Teamsters Union, as of May 2013 has yet to publish a stance on federal backing of this third contender to many shipping markets, MARAD and maritime shipping leaders believe they are helping the Teamster Union by moving freight out of areas with low Teamster-to-Cargo Ratios, and in to ports where the ratio is closer to 1:1 or better. They also believe that the Marine Highway can better handle the nation's north-south transit, however there are no east-west sailing corridors, and that will always be land-side transits these larger markets. Truck drivers, under DOT regulation, are limited to the number of hours they are allowed to drive in a day. These limits do not allow for Traffic, waiting to load or unload, check points. A ferry, or Roll-on/Roll-off Vessel would allow a driver to keep moving his cargo to its ultimate destination while they take their mandatory off-duty hours.

Small Business Concerns
The benefit to shipping by truck is the convenience of it. The teamster who picks up the merchandice is contractually bound to ensure its delivery to the products destination. Utilizing Short Sea Shipping adds two more legs to the shipping equation. The first teamster carries the goods from its point of origin to the port authority, from there by barge or ship to the second port authority. a second teamster then collects the cargo and delivers it to the final destination. This forces the Business owner to either work with a single large trucking company working in both ports, or coordinate with two owner-operators independently, and possibly have the cargo sitting on a pierside holding area until a second trucking contract can be agreed upon.

Expanding Into the future
The United States Navy is considering the America's Marine Highway as a opportunity to breath life into their aging Military Sealift Command (MSC) Fleet. Currently, if a national crisis were to take place, the U.S. government would need to rely heavily on foreign support to transport it's Armed Forces, much like during Operations Desert Shield, and Desert Storm. The US Navy entered into a Memorandum of Agreement with MARAD to Develop a U.S. built and U.S. manned dual-use vessel to sail in peacetime in trade and to provide a sealift capability during times of National Emergency.