User:Manny331/sandbox

Man of Steel
I am currently a cadet a the California Maritime Academey.

Final Project Article
Advanced heavy-water reactor My partner is Gclay419

Draft
Manuel Alvarez & Garret Clay LIB 100

Background:(New) Bhabha Atomic Research centre(BARC) set up (Word Choice) a large infrastructure to facilitate the design and development of these reactors. Things to be included range from materials technologies, critical components, reactor physics,and safety analysis(barc, 2013). Several facilities have been set-up to experiment these reactors. The AHWR is a pressure tube type heavy water reactor. India's Department of Atomic Energy(DAE) is fully funding the future development, the development, and the design of the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor. Future Plans(New) The new version of Advanced Heavy Water Reactor will be more equipped with general safety requirements. India is the base for the reactor due to having large Thorium reserves that it is more geared for the AHWR (Re-word).(anonymous, 2009). Description or Design:(Existing) The overall design of the AHWR is to utilize large amounts of thorium and show the use of the thorium cycle.(Smhimjith, 2011). The concept of pressure and calandria tubes in the AHWR are similar to the PHWR. The AHWR's core is 3.5 m long and has 513 lattice locations in a square pitch of 225 mm. The core is radially divided into three burn up regions. The burn up decreases as it moves toward the external surface of the core. Fuel is occupied by 452 lattice locations and the remaining locations 37 are occupied by shutdown system-1 which consists of 37 shut-off rods, 24 locations are for reactive control devices which are consisted of 8 absorber rods (ars). 8 shim rods(srs) and 8 regulating rods (rr's).By boiling light water at a pressure of 7 MPa heat is removed. The main focus with this model is to get the total power and a coarse spatial power distribution within the core to be within certain degree of accuracy.

Fuel cycle:(New) The AHWR at standard (Word Choice) is set to be a closed nuclear fuel cycle because this will lead to reduction in radio-toxicity. However, the AHWR has alternate fuel options such that it has diverse fuel cycles. It can do closed and once through types of fuel cycles. The overall aspect of the AHWR is primed for high burn up with thorium based fuel(barc, 2013). Recycled thorium that is recovered from the reactor is sent back and plutonium is stored to be later used for a fast breeder reactor(FBR)(barc,2013).

Safety Innovation:(New) Past nuclear meltdowns such as Chernobyl and Fukoshima have made the improvement of construction and maintenance of a facilities to be crucial. One of the top security measures for a meltdown is containment of radioactivity from escaping the reactor. The Defense in Depth (DiD) is a method used in nuclear facilities to acquire the most effective practice of radioactive containment. The AWHR has acquired the Defense in Depth process which is used in reactors by providing a list of provisions and required equipment in order to retain the radioactivity in the core. The Defense in Depth method sets regulations that must be followed in order to reduce human error incidents and machine malfunctions. The procedures are the following: Level 1: Prevention of abnormal operation and failure, Level 2: Control of abnormal operation and detection of failure, Level 3: Control of accidents within the design basis, Level 4: Control of severe plant conditions, including prevention of accident progression and mitigation of consequences of severe accidents, Level 5: Mitigation of radiological consequences of significant release of radioactive materials (Joshi,2013).The AWHR is a innovation in renewable energy safety as it will limit the use of uranium-235 and substitute the element with thorium. The extraction of nuclear energy from the 90th element Thorium is set to have more energy than the world's oil, coal, and uranium united. The AHWR has safety features that distinguishes it from normal nuclear reactors. Some of these features consist of: strong safety systems, reduction of heat from core through a built in cooling system, multiple shutdown systems, and a failsafe procedure that consist of a poison that shutdowns the system in the case of a technical failure(FBR)(barc,2013). The potential threat scientist try to avoid in reactors is the buildup of heat because nuclear energy escalates when it reacts with, high temperatures, high pressures, and chemical reactions. The AHWR has features that helps reduce the probability of this occurrence through the: negative reactivity coefficients, low power density, low excess reactivity in the core, and proper selection of material, attributes built in(Vijayan,2013).

Bibliography BARC.(2013). ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR (AHWR). Retrieved from 	http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloadable/aris/2013/AHWR.pdf P J Vijayan.(2013). Safety features in nuclear power plants to eliminate the need of emergency planning in public domain. Retrieved from 	http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9d4c7c16-2edb-4d43-	8763-582d2a7c389c%40sessionmgr111&vid=6&hid=121 Anonymous.(2009). India designs advanced atomic reactor for Thorium Utilization-Agency. Retrieved from 	http://search.proquest.com/abicomplete/docview/459767322/fulltext?accountid=1035	3 Hibi Kohki. (2001). Conceptual designing of reduced-moderation water reactor with heavy water 	coolant. Retrieved from 	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029549301004204 Shimjith,S.R.(2011). Spatial stabilization of advanced heavy water reactor. Retrieved from 	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306454911001022

'''Changes made are in bold. Very good start to the article. A lot of good information with sources that back it up. You could probably find some pictures of the reactor. '''