User:MannyMG85/sandbox

Practice of Summary Style:

Morocco

 * Casablanca, Morocco is notable for being the home of Clinique de Parc, Dr. Georges Burou's clinic for transgender women. Dr. Burou is considered one of the pioneers of SRS A French gynecologist, Dr. Burou created the anteriorly pedicled penile skin flap inversion vaginoplasty, still considered the “gold standard” of skin-lined vaginoplasty. He is credited with having performed over 3000 MtF surgeries.

To Dos
-find photo of Dr. Georges Burou and consider adding it to "Morocco" subheading

-consider "Malta" as next entry under "International" subheading

-consider merging "History" and "International"

Possible Edit: History (with International embedded within)
Early reports of sex reassignment surgery had been published in Germany in the 1920s, but it was not until approximately three decades later that the practice became more generally known; early surgeries were performed mostly in Europe and Casablanca.[6]

1900s

In the US in 1917, Dr Alan L. Hart, an American TB specialist, becomes one of the first female-to-male transsexuals to undergo hysterectomy and gonadectomy for the relief of gender dysphoria.[5]

In Berlin in 1931, Dora Richter, became the first known transgender woman to undergo the vaginoplasty[6] surgical approach.

This was followed by Lili Elbe in Dresden during 1930–1931. She started with the removal of her original sex organs, the operation supervised by Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld. Lili went on to have four more subsequent operations that included an unsuccessful uterine transplant, the rejection of which resulted in death. An earlier known recipient of this was Magnus Hirschfeld's housekeeper,[7] but their identity is unclear at this time.

Casablanca, Morocco is notable for being the home of Clinique de Parc, Dr. Georges Burou's clinic for transgender women. Dr. Burou is considered one of the pioneers of SRS [58] and was active from 1956-1958. A French gynecologist, Dr. Burou created the anteriorly pedicled penile skin flap inversion vaginoplasty, still considered the “gold standard” of skin-lined vaginoplasty[59]. He is credited with having performed over 3000 MtF surgeries.[58]

2000s

On 12 June 2003, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in favor of Van Kück, a German trans woman whose insurance company denied her reimbursement for sex reassignment surgery as well as hormone replacement therapy. The legal arguments related to the Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights as well as the Article 8. This affair is referred to as Van Kück vs Germany.[8]

2010s

In 2010, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court struck down two laws that limited access to SRS. These included requirements of at least 2 years of psychotherapy before health insurance was obligated to cover the cost of SRS[60] [61]and inability to procreate.[62]

In 2011, Christiane Völling won the first successful case brought by an intersex person against a surgeon for non-consensual surgical intervention described by the International Commission of Jurists as "an example of an individual who was subjected to sex reassignment surgery without full knowledge or consent".[9]

In 2012, Argentina began offering government subsidized total or partial SRS to all persons 18 years of age or older. [50] Private insurance companies are prohibited from increasing the cost of SRS for their clients. At the same time, the Argentinian government repealed a law that banned SRS without authorization from a judge. [51]

In 2015, the Administrative District Court of Kiev, Ukraine ruled that forced sterilization was unlawful and no longer required for legal gender change.[63]

Since 2016, France no longer requires SRS as a condition for a gender change on legal documents.[52][53]

As of 2017 some European countries require forced sterilisation for the legal recognition of sex reassignment.[10]

In 2017, a case brought earlier by three transgendered French people was decided. France was found in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights for requiring the forced sterilization of transgender people seeking to change their gender on legal documents.[54]

Possible Edit: International (with History embedded within)
Argentina[edit source]

In 2012, Argentina began offering government subsidized total or partial SRS to all persons 18 years of age or older. [50] Private insurance companies are prohibited from increasing the cost of SRS for their clients. At the same time, the Argentinian government repealed a law that banned SRS without authorization from a judge. [51]

France[edit source]

Since 2016, France no longer requires SRS as a condition for a gender change on legal documents.[52][53]

As of 2017 some European countries require forced sterilisation for the legal recognition of sex reassignment.[10]

That same year, a case brought earlier by three transgendered French people was decided. France was found in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights for requiring the forced sterilization of transgender people seeking to change their gender on legal documents.[54]

Germany

In Berlin in 1931, Dora Richter, became the first known transgender woman to undergo the vaginoplasty[6] surgical approach.

This was followed by Lili Elbe in Dresden during 1930–1931. She started with the removal of her original sex organs, the operation supervised by Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld. Lili went on to have four more subsequent operations that included an unsuccessful uterine transplant, the rejection of which resulted in death. An earlier known recipient of this was Magnus Hirschfeld's housekeeper,[7] but their identity is unclear at this time.

On 12 June 2003, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in favor of Van Kück, a German trans woman whose insurance company denied her reimbursement for sex reassignment surgery as well as hormone replacement therapy. The legal arguments related to the Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights as well as the Article 8. This affair is referred to as Van Kück vs Germany.[8]

In 2011, Christiane Völling won the first successful case brought by an intersex person against a surgeon for non-consensual surgical intervention described by the International Commission of Jurists as "an example of an individual who was subjected to sex reassignment surgery without full knowledge or consent".[9]

India[edit source]

India is offering affordable sex reassignment surgery to a growing number of medical tourists.[55]

Iran[edit source]

The Iranian government's response to homosexuality is to endorse, and fully pay for, sex reassignment surgery.[56]

The leader of Iran's Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, issued a fatwa declaring sex reassignment surgery permissible for "diagnosed transsexuals".[56] Eshaghian's documentary, Be Like Others, chronicles a number of stories of Iranian gay men who feel transitioning is the only way to avoid further persecution, jail, or execution.[56] The head of Iran's main transsexual organization, Maryam Khatoon Molkara—who convinced Khomeini to issue the fatwa on transsexuality—confirmed that some people who undergo operations are gay rather than transsexual.[57]

Morocco[edit source]

Main article: Georges Burou

Casablanca, Morocco is notable for being the home of Clinique de Parc, Dr. Georges Burou's clinic for transgender women. Dr. Burou is considered one of the pioneers of SRS.[58] A French gynecologist, Dr. Burou created the anteriorly pedicled penile skin flap inversion vaginoplasty, still considered the “gold standard” of skin-lined vaginoplasty[59]. He is credited with having performed over 3000 MtF surgeries.[58]

Switzerland[edit source]

In 2010, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court struck down two laws that limited access to SRS. These included requirements of at least 2 years of psychotherapy before health insurance was obligated to cover the cost of SRS[60] [61]and inability to procreate.[62]

Thailand[edit source]

Thailand is the country that performs the most sex reassignment surgeries, followed by Iran.[57]

Ukraine[edit source]

In 2015, the Administrative District Court of Kiev ruled that forced sterilization was unlawful and no longer required for legal gender change.[63]

United States

In the US in 1917, Dr Alan L. Hart, an American TB specialist, becomes one of the first female-to-male transsexuals to undergo hysterectomy and gonadectomy for the relief of gender dysphoria.[5]