User:Mansimodi/sandbox

Abstract Menopause is a gradual and natural transitional phase of adjustment between the active and inactive ovarian function and occupies several years of a women's life and involves biological and psychological changes adjustments. The present clinical trial was designed as per Ayurveda clinical trials protocol to evaluate the efficacy of Ashokarishta, Ashwagandha Churna and Praval Pishti in the management of menopausal syndrome. It was directed by Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences as randomized open clinical trial. Total 52 patients were registered in the study, out of which 51 patients completed the study. Specialized rating scales like Kupperman Index Score as well as Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and Menopause Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaires were adopted for diagnostic as well as assessment criteria. The effects were examined based on MRS and MENQOL. Results were analyzed statistically using Wilcoxon matched paired test and 't' test. Highly significant (P < 0.01) reduction was found in the symptoms of MRS as well as MENQOL. Finally, it can be stated that combined treatment of above drugs gives better result in both somatic as well as psychological complaints in women with mild to moderate symptoms of menopausal syndrome.

Keywords: Ashokarishta, Ashwagandha Churn a, menopausal syndrome, Praval Pishti

How to cite this article: Modi MB, Donga SB, Dei L. Clinical evaluation of Ashokarishta, Ashwagandha Churna and Praval Pishti in the management of menopausal syndrome. AYU 2012;33:511-6

How to cite this URL: Modi MB, Donga SB, Dei L. Clinical evaluation of Ashokarishta, Ashwagandha Churna and Praval Pishti in the management of menopausal syndrome. AYU [serial online] 2012 [cited 2013 Apr 12];33:511-6. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2012/33/4/511/110529

Introduction

The propagation of the species is a basic aim of nature. In the multiplication of the human race, "woman has a pivotal role to play." Menopause is generally defined as cessation of periods for 12 months or a period equivalent to 3 previous cycles or as time of cessation of ovarian function resulting in permanent amenorrhea. [1] The menopause is thus a gradual and natural transitional phase of adjustment between the active and inactive ovarian function and occupies several years of a women's life and involves biological and psychological changes adjustments. This period is usually associated with unavoidable manifestation of aging process in women. [2] Most women experience near complete loss of production of estrogen by their mid-fifties. [3] During reproductive years, women are protected by female hormones, i.e. estrogen and progesterone. With menopause, women enter an estrogen deficient phase in their lives, which accelerates the ageing process resulting into greater vulnerability to psychosomatic problems. Hot flushes, sweating, changes in mood and libido are some of the important outcomes affecting the quality of life (QoL) during climacterium in women. QoL covers physical, functional, emotional, social, and cognitive variables up to 85% of menopausal women. [4]

Though, Rajonivritti as a diseased condition is not described separately in the classical Ayurveda texts, Rajonivritti Kala is mentioned by almost all Acharyas without any controversy. According to Sushruta[5] and various other references too [6],[7],[8] 50 years is mentioned as the age of Rajonivritti, when the body is fully in grip of senility. [9]

Currently, the number of menopausal women is about 43 million and projected figures in 2026 have estimated to be 103 million. [10] So, menopausal health demands even higher priority in Indian scenario. [11] In modern science, hormone replacement therapy is one and only alternative for these health hazards, but it has a wider range of secondary health complications like vaginal bleeding, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, gallbladder diseases, etc. [12],[13],[14],[15] On the other hand, this therapy is not much effective in the psychological manifestations of this stage. Allopath manages them by the long-term use of sedative, hypnotics, and anxiolytic drugs, which may lead to various side effects like drowsiness, impaired motor function, loss of memory, allergic reactions, non-social behaviors, drug dependence, etc.

Therefore, considering it as a challengeable melody, this project has been undertaken in order to find out a safe and effective medicament in Ayurveda without creating any adverse effect and for the management of menopausal syndrome.

Aims and Objectives

The present study was aimed to evaluate efficacy of Ashokarishta (ASK), Ashwagandha Churna (ASW) and Praval Pishti (PP) on menopausal syndrome.

Materials and Methods

Distribution of patients

Fifty-two patients were randomly selected from O.P.D. of Stree Roga and Prasooti Tantra Department [Table 1]. Table 1: Data of patients

Click here to view

Inclusion criteria

Females of age between 40 and 55 years Amenorrhea for ≥12 months Kupperman menopausal index score ≥15 Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) ≥20 IU/L Thickness of endometrium ≤5 mm Willing and able to participate for 16 weeks.

Exclusion criteria

Patients with evidence of malignancy Surgical menopause Established cases of mental illness, hyper tension, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, hepatic disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.

Drugs

All the drugs, i.e. ASK, [16] ASW, [17] and PP were prepared in the Arya Vaidhya Shala, Kottakkal, Kerala, India according to the Ayurvedic Formulary of India.

Investigations

All selected patients were subjected to routine investigations, which included the following:

Blood: Hemoglobin (Hb), Total Count (TC), Differentiate Count (DC), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), etc. Urine: Routine and microscopic examination Biochemical examination: Fasting blood glucose, total serum proteins, lipid profile, alkaline phosphatase, liver function tests, renal function tests, Serum calcium, HbA1C, etc. Hormonal assessment: FSH, LH (Luteinizing Hormone) and S. T 3, T 4 , TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone). Ultra Sonography - TVS (Trance Vaginal Sonography/Abdomen.), ECG and Pap smear More Details

Study design

Present study was designed as per Ayurveda clinical trial protocol. It was directed by Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), New Delhi as randomized open clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of trail drugs on menopausal syndrome.

Grouping: Open trial

In the present study, all the selected patients were given ASK (25 ml twice daily with equal quantity of water, after food, orally), ASW (3 g twice daily with milk, half an hour before food, orally) and PP (1 capsule of 250 mg twice daily with milk, half an hour before food, orally) for 3 months.

Follow-up study

All patients were followed up for 1 month.

Criteria for assessment

Detailed history was taken thorough various physical examinations with the data being recorded in a special proforma that was specifically designed by CCRAS for this study. The result was assessed on the basis of menopause rating scale (MRS) [18] and menopause specific quality of life (MENQOL). [19] The improvement in the patients was assessed mainly on the basis of relief in the signs and symptoms of the disease.

Criteria for overall assessment of therapy

The obtained results were measured according to the grades given below:

Completely cured: 100% relief Marked impro v ement: >75%-<100% relief Moderate improvement: >50%-75% relief Mild improvement: >25%-50% relief Unchanged: Up to 25% relief

Statistical analysis

The values were expressed as percentage of relief and mean, SEM; MRS and MENQOL data were analyzed by Wilcoxon matched paired test, while other parameters were analyzed by students paired 't' test.

Observations and Results

In the present study, maximum 61.53% of patients were from the age group of 50-55 years; 98.08% were married; 96.15% of patients were housewives; 73.08% of patients had disturbed sleep; 76.92% of patients had irregular bowel habit followed by 61.54% had constipation, while 82.69% of patients had frequent urination; 32.69% of the patients had menopause for 2-4 years; 92.31% of patients were having normal BMI (Body Mass Index); 73.08% of patients were not using any contraceptive; 86.54% patients were vegetarian; Nidana Sevana, i.e. Vishamashana and Ratrijagarana were found in maximum patients, i.e. 88.46% and 90.38% respectively; 86.54% of patients were suffering from Chinta; 57.69% of patients had Vatapitta Prakriti; Mandagni was found in 51.92% of the patients. Looking to the sign and symptoms, maximum, i.e. 100% patients were having Artavavaha and Raktavaha Srotodushti; In K.I., melancholia was found in 94.23% of patients; In MRS, joint and muscular discomfort was found in 88.46% of patients; 55.77% of patients were having past irregular menstrual history; 57.69% of patients were having moderate quantity of menses, while 59.62% of patients had painless menses.

Effect of Therapy

Effect on menopause rating scale

The effect of therapy on MRS has shown that statistically highly significant (P < 0.01) decrease was found in hot flushes by 40.56% relief, in heart discomfort by 84%, in sleep problems by 53.78%, in depressive mood by 41.41%, in irritability by 44.88%, in anxiety by 42.62%, in physical and mental exhaustion by 39.29%, in sexual problems by 18.18%, in bladder problems by 42.42%, in dryness of the vagina by 42.22% and in joint and muscular discomfort by 45.89% relief [Table 2]. Table 2: Effect of therapy on menopause rating scale

Click here to view

Effect on menopause specific quality of life

The MENQOL comprises of four sub scales. These are vasomotor, psychosocial, physical and sexual. The effect of therapy on MENQOL has shown that statistically highly significant (P < 0.01) decrease was observed on all above four sub scales. On vasomotor, psychosocial, physical and sexual sub scales, 22.95%, 12.59%, 19.91%, and 2.70% improvement was observed respectively [Figure 1]. Figure 1: Effect on menopause specific quality of life

Click here to view

Effect on hematological/biochemical values

S. calcium was increased by 2.62% upto statistically significant level (P < 0.01). No other significant change in the hematological and biochemical values after treatment was observed in any patient.

Total effect of therapy

On the basis of criteria of assessment allotted, the total effect of therapy has been carried out, which has shown that nine patients were moderately improved (17.65%) and 40 patients (78.43%) were mildly improved, while none of the patients were completely improved [Figure 2]. Figure 2: Total effect of therapy

Click here to view

Discussion

The slogan "Healthy Women, Healthy World" embodies the fact that as custodians of family health, women play a critical role in maintaining the health and well-being of their communities.

Rajonivritti is a representative syndrome of Praudhavastha, which lies in a Sandhikala (a mid-period between Yuvavastha and Vriddhavastha). During this period there is a peak level of Pitta, during Jarakala, Vata remains in aggravated condition along with vitiated Pitta creates hot flushes, excessive sweating, sleep disturbance, irritability, dryness of the vagina, etc., which are similar to Vataja-Pittaja symptoms. This is nothing but a Rajonivritti Avastha Janya Lakshana or menopausal syndrome. The [Table 3] clarifies this interrelationship. Table 3: Interrelationship between Vata and Rajonivritti

Click here to view

Probable mode of action of Ashokarishta

The drug ASK is having mainly Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya, Katu Rasa, Sheeta Virya, Madhura Vipaka, Laghu Guna, and Tridoshashamaka properties. [16] The ingredients are also having Rasayana, Vayahsthapana, Balya, Medhya, Manasdoshahara, Vedanasthapana, etc., properties.

As in Rajonivritti, as the Vata Dosha is dominant, majority of symptoms occur due to Vatavriddhi. ASK by its Snigdha Guna acts against Ruksha Guna of Vata Dosha and pacifies it. So, the majority of symptoms of Rajonivritti may subside. Moreover, Agnimandhya is also, being the common manifestation of Rajonivritti. The drug ASK by its Deepana-Pachana action, acts on Jatharagni and relieves the symptom of GIT (Gastro Intestinal Tract) effectively like dyspepsia, decreased appetite, flatulence, constipation, etc.

So, the drug ASK, when administered to the patients through oral route, the probable mode of action is as follows: Ashoka, Shunthi, Haritaki, Vasa, and Chandana are Hridya and Balya and act as Rasayana Karma may cause Dhatu Pushti, which results in Samprapti Vighatana and ultimately leads to Lakshanopshamana.

Haritaki, Amalaki, and Utpala directly act as Rasayana Karma and further course of action same as discussed above.

Musta, Ajaji, Sunthi and Haritaki do Dipana and Pachana Karma, which can lead to Agni Pradipti and do Dhatu Pushti by doing Prasasta Dhatu Nirmana, which results in Samprapti Vighatana and ultimately lead to Lakshanopshamana.

Finally, Utpala, Haritaki and Bibhitaki are Medhya and act as Manasa and Indriya Tarpaka, which decreases Chinta, Shoka and sleep disturbances and ultimately lead to Lakshanopshamana [Chart 1 [Additional file 1]].

Probable mode of action of Ashwagandha Churna and Praval Pishti

Due to Balya and Vaya-Sthapana properties of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal.), it directly acts as Rasayana and causes Dhatu Pushti, which results in Samprapti Vighatana and ultimately leads to Lakshanopashamana. In case of Manasa Tarpana, it supports sound sleep and anti-stress effect due to alcohol, alkaloids and glycosides, which results in Samprapti Vighatana and ultimately leads to Lakshanopashamana, while in case of Vajikarana, it nourishes the reproductive system by improving the sexual dysfunction and further course of action same as discussed above.

Along with this, Ashwagandha improves the degenerative changes by effect on chondroplasts in cartilage as well as it creates hemopoetic effect by cyclophosphamide and reduces leukopenia [Chart 2 [Additional file 2]].

Ashwagandha can affect elements of the central nervous system and the immune system; it might be useful in reducing hot flushes. [20]

Effect on the inflammatory response

Prostaglandins cause inflammation and are implicated in the generation of hot flashes. Enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), synthesize prostaglandins from cellular lipids. Vanisree Mulabagal and co-workers at Michigan State University showed that Ashwagandha inhibited the enzyme activity of COX-2 in laboratory tests. [20]

Effect on the immune system

IL-8 (Interleukin-8) is a potent vasodilator released by macrophages under stressful conditions. According to study conducted at the University of Tokushima, IL-8 was significantly increased in 179 women with hot flashes and it suggests that macrophages sense the decline in estrogen and respond by secreting IL-8. Working with cultured cells, researchers at the University of Buffalo found that Ashwagandha decreased the genetic expression of IL-8. [20]

A withanolide-free aqueous fraction isolated from the roots of Withania somnifera exhibited anti-stress activity [21] in a dose-dependent manner in mice. [22]

Praval is used to treat disorders like Pitta aggravation and calcium deficiency because it has got properties like cooling and soothing effect. Praval is used with herbal phytoestrogen for better and early result. [23]

Conclusion

The study shows that formulation of these three drugs: ASK, ASW, and PP is better in somatic complaints including GIT disturbances as well as white discharge and hot flushes, etc., It is better in various psychological disturbances mainly include headache, irritability, depression, mood swings, sleep disturbances, etc., So, it can be concluded that in women with mild to moderate symptoms of menopausal syndrome, a combined treatment (ASK + ASW + PP) gives better result in both somatic as well as psychological complaints. No any adverse effect was noted during the study. Therefore it could be a safe alternative to the modern drugs. It is found to be an effective therapy in psychological and somatic problems related with menopausal syndrome.

References

1.	Menopause. Howkins and Bourne Shaw's A Textbook of Gynecology. Reprinted ed.: Elsevier; 2005. p. 56-67. 2.	Mashiloane CD, Bagratee J, Moodley J. Awareness of and attitude toward menopause and hormone replacement therapy in an African community. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002;76:91-3. 3.	Cobin RH, Futterweit W, Ginzburg SB, et al. for the AACE Menopause Guidelines Revision Task Force: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of menopause. Endocr Pract 2006;12 (3):317. 4.	Blumel JE, Castelo-Branco C, Binfa L, Gramegna G, Tacla X, Aracena B, et al. Quality of life after the menopause: A population study. Maturitas 2000;34:17-23. 5.	Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana, Shonitvarnaniya Adhyaya 14/6, Ambika Dutta Shastri, 'Ayurveda-Tattva-Samdipika' Vyakhya, Reprinted 2 nd ed. Chaukhamba Samskrit Samsthan, Varanasi, 2006; p. 48. 6.	Ibidem, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthana, Garbhavkranti Sharira, 3/9, p. 21. 7.	Vagbhatta, Asthanga Hridaya, Sharira Sthana, 1/7, Commentary by Kaviraj Atridev Gupta, Reprinted. Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2007; p. 170. 8.	Vagbhatta, Ashtanga Samgraha, Sharira Sthana 1/11, Commentary by Kaviraja Atrideva Gupta, Reprinted. Chaukhamba Krishnadas Acedemy, Varanasi:, 2005. 9.	Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakasha, Purva Khanda 3/1, Pandit Shree B. S. Mishra, 9 th ed. Chaukhamba Samskrit Samsthana, Varanasi, 2005; p. 204. 10.	Bavadam L. HRT and older women in India. HAI News, 108, August 1999. Available from: http://www.haiweb.org/pubs/hainews/aug1999.html [Accessed on 2012 Mar 19]. 11.	Making menopause easier. Available from: http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/oct/were-manopause.htm. [Accessed on 2012 Mar 19]. 12.	Anklesaria BS, Soneji RM. "Risk - Benefit Balance" in Management of Menopause in Menopause Current Concepts by C.N. Purandare, federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Society of India. Reprint ed. New Delhi: Jaypee, 2006; p. 194-205. 13.	Ettinger B, Grady D, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Effect of the Women's Health Initiative on women's decisions to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:1225-32. 14.	Li C, Samsioe G, Lidfelt J, Nerbrand C, Agardh CD, Women's Health in Lund Area (WHILA) Study. Important factors for use of hormone replacement therapy: A population-based study of Swedish women. The Women's Health Lund Area (WHILA) Study. Menopause 2000;7:273-81. 15.	Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-33. 16.	Anonymus, Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part- I, Part A, 1: 5 Ashokarishta (Bhaishajyaratnavali Strirogadhikara), 2 nd edition. New Delhi: Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of H and W, Govt. of India, 2003; pp. 8. 17.	Anonymus, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part- I, Vol-1, Reprint - 1 st edition. New Delhi: Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of H and W, Govt. of India, 2001; pp. 19-20. 18.	Schneider, HPG; Heinemann, LAJ; Rosemeier, HP; Potthoff, P; Behre, HM. The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS): Reliability of scores of menopausal complaints. Climacteric. 2000; 3:59-64. 19.	Hilditch JR, Lewis JE. Menopause-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL). Available from: www.proqolid.org/instruments/menopause_specific_quality_of_life_questionnaire menqol. [Last updated 2012 Jul]. 20.	Millar S. Ashwagandha and Hot Flashes. [Article available on internet] Available from: http://www.livestrong.com/article/187966-ashwagandha-hot-flashes. [Last updated 2012 Jul 28] 21.	Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary. New York: Springer Science + Business Media, 2007; pp. 719. 22.	Singh B, Chandan BK, Gupta DK. Adaptogenic activity of a novel withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somnifera Dun. (Part II). Phytother Res 2003;17 (5):531-6. 23.	Apoorva Bhat. A comparative pharmaceutico clinical study of Praval Pishti and Praval Bhasma in special reference of management of Hyperacidity. Jamnagar, Gujarat: Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpna Department, IPGT and RA; MD thesis, 2003.