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A History of Chinese Americans in California: FOOTNOTES

1. Noel Barnard, ed., Early Chinese Art and Its Possible Influence in the Pacific Basin (New York: Intercultural Arts Press, 1972), Vol. III. See also Edward P. Vining, An Inglorious Columbus (San Francisco, 1886).

2. Homer H. Dubs and Robert S. Smith, "Chinese in Mexico City in 1635," Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. I (1942), pp. 387-389.

3. James Culletin, Indians and Pioneers of Old Monterey (Carmel, 1959), p. 190.

4. California Magazine, November 4, 1848.

5. F. Soule, The Annals of San Francisco and History of California (1855), pp. 414-415. A copy of their contract is in the Wells Fargo History Room, San Francisco.

6. Chinese Historical Society Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 5 (May 1967).

7. Mildred Hoover, et al., Historic Spots in California (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966), pp. 41-42.

8. Gunther Barth, Bitter Strength (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 83.

9. Ibid.

10. Thomas W. Chinn, ed., A History of the Chinese in California: A Syllabus (San Francisco: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1969), p. 72.

11 Ibid., p. 70, and William Tung, The Chinese in America (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1974), p. 9.

12. William Hoy, Kong Chow Temple (San Francisco: Kong Chow Temple, 1939), p. 3.

13. Mariann Kaye Wells, Chinese Temples in California (San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1971), p. 20.

14. Corinne K. Hoexter, From Canton to California (New York: Four Winds Press, 1976), p. 8.

15. Ibid., p. 14.

16. Interview with Lorraine Hee (1978).

17. The classic Romance of the Three Kingdoms (San-kuo Chi-yen-i) tells the story of Kuan Yu.

18. The Taoist temple in Auburn is said to have had an ordained priest.

19. There is documentary evidence of "bomb day" festivals in Yreka, Marysville, Nevada City, and other towns throughout California.

20. This was the Constitution of 1804.

21. California State Mining Bureau, Sixth Report of the State Minerologist, 1885-1886 (Sacramento, 1887), Part II, pp. 150, 157. See also J. M. Cuinn, Oakland and Environs (Los Angeles: Historic Record Co., 1907), Vol. I, p. 231.

22. In 1854, the California Supreme Court declared that the 1850 statute prohibiting Negroes and Indians from testifying for or against a White person applied also to Chinese.

23. Him Mark Lai, "Roots and Linkages: A Journey Through the Pearl River Delta," East/West, April 16 and 23, 1980.

24. "Chinese Fisheries in California," Chamber's Journal, Vol. L (January 21, 1954), p. 48.

25. Robert Alan Nash, "The Chinese Shrimp Fishery in California" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, 1973), p. 182.

26. Ibid., pp. 203-204, and interview with Frank Quan (1978).

27. Del Norte (Del Norte Chamber of Commerce, n.d.).

28. Chinn, p. 11

29. Arthur Waley, The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958).

30. Chinn, p. 15.

31. In 1852, Senator George Tingley introduced a bill in the California Legislature to make enforcement of labor contracts possible, but this bill was defeated.

32. Interview with Willard Jue, pharmacist (1980).

33. Interview with Dr. Herbert Yee (1978).

34. Laurence Sickman and Alexander Soper, The Art and Architecture of China (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1956), p. 363 ff.

35. Chinn, p. 3.

36. Ibid., p. 32.

37. Ping Chiu, Chinese Labor in California, 1850-1880 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1967), p. 14

38. Ibid., pp. 18-19.

39. In April 1855, the California Legislature passed an Act to Discourage the Immigration to This State of Persons Who Cannot Become Citizens Thereof, whereby the master, owner, or consignee of any ship was required to pay $50 for each of the passengers who were ineligible for American citizenship.

40. Sandralea Watson, Sojourners in the Golden Land (California Department of Parks and Recreation, 1979), p. 18.

41. Otheta Weston, Mother Lode Album (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1948), p. 28.

42. The Mariposa Sentinel, Vol. XXI, No. 4 (Winter 1978).

43. Barth, p. 136.

44. Del Norte (Del Norte Chamber of Commerce, n.d.).

45. Interview with Mrs. King Epperson Becker (1950).

46. Interview with Peg Plummer (1980).

47. Theodore Schoenman, The Father of California Wine, Agoston Haraszthy (Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1979), pp. 28-29. See also William F. Heintz, "California Wine and the Unsurprising Chinese Contribution," Chinese Historical Society Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. 3 (March 1977).

48. Daily Facts, Redlands, California, March 23, 1979.

49. Jim Sleeper, Orange County Almanac (New York: Ocusa Press, 1974), p. 37.

50. Tom Patterson, A Colony for California (Riverside: Press-Enterprise Company, 1971), p. 174.

51. U.S. Census (1880).

52. Interview with Wong Sing (1980).

53. Mauldin, p. 19.

54. Both laws were passed on April 28, 1860; the latter was entitled "An Act for the Protection of Fisheries."

55. Lowe, p. 23.

56. Tung, p. 12.

57. Chinn, p. 2.

58. Chiu, pp. 122-126.

59. Ibid., p. 90.

60. Ibid., p. 106.

61. Ibid., pp. 94-97.

62. Ibid., p. 126.

63. Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 70-71.

64. U.S. Census (1880).

65. Ibid.

66. Chinn, pp. 43-44.

67. Alexander Saxton, "The Army of Canton in the High Sierra," Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 35 (1966), pp. 141-152.

68. Sacramento Union, July 1 and 3, 1867.

69. Saxton, "Army."

70. Interview with Wilbur Yue (1978).

71. California Historical Landmark No. 397.

72. Saxton, Enemy, pp. 61-63.

73. Henry K. Mauldin, History of Clear Lake, Mt. Konocti and the Lake County Cattle Industry (Kelseyville: Anderson Printing, 1968), p. 45.

74. Harold O. Weight, Twenty Mule Team Days in Death Valley (Twentynine Palms: The Calico Press, 1977), pp. 8-10.

75. Lake County Oral History Collection.

76. Saxton, Enemy, pp. 71, 99.

77. Barth, p. 196.

78. Tung, p. 12.

79. Barth, p. 198, 202-203, 207.

80. S. M. Chiu, "The Chinese of Augusta, Georgia," Chinese Historical Society Bulletin, Vol. XIII, No. 2 (Feb. 1978.

81. Persia Crawford Campbell, Chinese Coolie Emigration (Taipei: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company, 1970), p. 151.

82. Saxton, Enemy, pp. 215-218.

83. Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration (44th Congress, 2nd Session, 1876-1877, Senate Report 689), p. 54.

84. The Wells Fargo Express Company lists of towns in English and Chinese is appended to the English-Chinese Phrase Book published in 1870.

85. U.S. Census (1860 and 1870).

86. Bill Mason, "The Chinese in Los Angeles," Los Angeles Chinatown (Los Angeles: Chamber of Commerce, 1976).

87. Walter A. Tompkins, Chinatown, Green Tea and Gunpowder.

88. The earliest map of Fiddletown available shows specific areas set aside for Chinese.

89. Robert J. Slodarski, "A Brief History of Chinatown in Ventura" in The Changing Faces of Main Street (1976), p. 445.

90. C. P. Dorland, "The Los Angeles Massacre of 1871."

91. Watson, p. 18.

92. Paul E. Vandor, History of Fresno County (Los Angeles: Historic Record Co., 1919), p. 330.

93. Saxton, Enemy, p. 114.

94. Roy Ruhkala, "History of Rocklin, California" (1975). Cf. accounts in the Sacramento Daily Record-Union, September 18-29, 1877.

95. Hi Chung appears on the 1880 U.S. Census, but not on the 1900 U.S. Census.

96. See Yick Wo v. Hopkins (118 U.S. 356, 1886).

97. Helen Rocca Goss, The Life and Death of a Quicksilver Mine (Los Angeles: Historical Society of Southern California, 1958), p. 75.

98. Tung, p. 15.

99. Tung, pp. 16-17.

100. "Humboldt County One of Few Where Chinese Do Not Live," newspaper clipping from local newspaper (unidentified), in Clarke Memorial Museum.

101. Lynwood Carranco, "The Chinese in Humboldt County, California," Journal of the West, Vol. XII, No. 1 (January 1973), p. 153, says that this did not happen until April 1886, but the Del Norte County Historical Society Bulletin of March 21, 1978 gives the date as January 31, 1886. Carranco's article quotes many primary sources, but its intent is to justify the expulsion. Instead of dealing with the rights, points of view, and losses of the Chinese Americans involved, the article focuses on what might have happened if they had not been expelled.

102. History of Placer County, California, p. 380.

103. Wells, p. 54.

104. An article headlined "The Common Council - Interesting Meeting of the Committee of the Whole - The Chinatown Abomination" appeared in the San Jose Daily Times March 9, 1887, two months before the fire that destroyed the Chinese-American community.

105. San Jose Daily Times, May 17, 1887.

106. Book, p. 56.

107. Tung, p. 18.

108. U.S. Census Records, 1880 and 1890.

109. Saxton, Enemy, p. 211.

110. See article by Tom Atchley, "What Happened to the Chinese?" in the San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands; this situation was common throughout the state.

111. Patterson, p. 196.

112. Saxton, Enemy, p. 230.

113. Atchley.

114. U.S. Census Records, 1890 and 1900.

115. Joan B. Trauner, "The Chinese as Medical Scapegoats in San Francisco, 1870-1905," California History, Vol. LVII, No. 1 (Spring 1978), pp. 70-87.

116. Tung, p. 23.

117. Hoexter, p. 212.

118. James R. Chew, "The Bay Side Canning Co., Alviso, Calif.," The Trailblazer, pp. 5-7.

119. Interview with Bessie Loo, 1980.

120. San Francisco Examiner, September 22, 1909.

121. San Jose Mercury, June 14, 1919.

122. Chinn, p. 27.

123. Ibid., and p. 28.

124. Ibid., p. 29.