User:Maparfitt/Campbell article

= Okinawa Reversion Agreement 1971 = The Okinawa Reversion Agreement is an agreement between the United States and Japan, in which the United States relinquished in favor of Japan all rights and interests under Article III of the Treaty of San Francisco obtained as a result of the Pacific War. The document was signed simultaneously in Washington, D.C and Tokyo on June 17th, 1971 by William P. Rogers on behalf of President Richard Nixon and Kiichi Aichi on behalf of Prime Minister Eisaku Sato. The document was not ratified in Japan until November 24, 1971 by the National Diet.

The Agreement
The agreement is split up into nine major articles that specify the details of this agreement. America returned control of the Ryukyu Islands and the Daitō Islands (also known as the Okinawa Prefecture) to Japan, if the United States Armed Forces could occupy Okinawa as well have access to its facilities. The United States maintained a large military presence in Okinawa because its strategic location and intense fighting made it known as the, "Keystone Of The Pacific" during World War II. Under this agreement, the Ryukyu and Daitō islands would become subject to all existing and future treaties agreed upon between America and Japan. The United States would help repair damages done to land seized by United States administrations. It also states that Japan would recognize actions taken by the United States administration in these areas, and that the administrators during this time period would not be held liable for criminal activity for their actions in administration. The Government of Japan also agreed upon a payment to the United States Government $320,000,000 over the next five years. The goal of this agreement for the United States was to transfer sovereignty while still ensuring that the United States could help bring up a democratic government, and ensure the Japan would not be able to become a menace of peace. The document is available online at the Ryukyu-Okinawa History and Culture Website.

Negotiations Over the Reversion
The reversion of Okinawa back to Japan was met with several complications between Japanese and American diplomats. Many diplomats met with each other, and genuinely wanted to solve the troubles between the two countries, however complications and conflicting interests made reversion problematic.

Early Negotiations
Negotiations began between Foreign Minister Kiichi Aichi and Japanese Ambassador U. Alexis Johnson in 1968. The two worked well together, establishing an effective working relationship in hopes to quickly come to an understanding. The discussions moved slowly at first, because Japan's primary concern was for a confirmed date of reversion, before agreeing upon the specifics of the agreement, which came to be known as the "clean-slate" policy. Aichi's active role in foreign policy helped make a breakthrough in negotiations when he suggested Reversion by 1972, suggesting to Johnson that military bases could maintain all present freedoms until both governments agreed upon a gradual removal without any threat to regional security. In a following negotiation with Henry Kissinger, Kissinger stated that the military presence in Okinawa served as a deterrent to nuclear weapon development. Morton Halperin outlined the United States' stance on the reversion. Firstly, removal of American nuclear weapons from Okinawa. If North Korea were determined to invade South Korea, then America's willingness to fire nuclear weapons to defend the South could deter the North from invading at all. The United States was also concerned that reversion of Okinawa would be interpreted by others as retreating from Asia. The United States considered Okinawa a part of Japan, and intended to revert sovereignty by 1972, but only if their concerns were completely dealt with by then.

Japan-US Kyoto Conferece
At the Japan-US Kyoto Conference, Japan argued that keeping nuclear weapons in Okinawa would be redundant, and that there are more suitable areas for military presence. Support from American specialists helped persuade Americans the benefits of reversion. After the conference, a summary stated that the United States had an official concern that Japan would support the United States in the event of a crisis in the Korean Peninsula.

Talks Between Kishi and Nixon
Special Envoy Kishi met President Nixon with two preconceived desires. Japan sought reversion by 1972 with, at least, denuclearized US military bases. On April 1, 1969, Kishi told President Nixon that, "many Japanese feel that if Japan is to play a greater role in Asia, it is quite unacceptable for part of their country to remain occupied by a foreign power." Kishi also believed that maintaining the status quo in Okinawa could risk political fallout. President Nixon assured him that he was well informed about the topic and that relations between Japan and the United States were important to him.

Final Stages of Negotiations
The United States had informed Japan that reversion was possible if, in the event of an emergency, nuclear weapons were allowed in Okinawa. The issue was brought forth by the United States as an ultimatum. Japan complied, but the ultimatum brought up complications; what was considered an emergency that warranted nuclear weapons? Although Japan did not believe such an emergency would ever occur, their goal for total denuclearization had failed. The United States also sought for fair competition with Japanese wool textile manufacturers. Because economy and government are intertwined, America pressed for regulations on wool manufacturers. Since the issue of reversion became tied to trade, top secret discussions took place at the White House, ending in an agreement to meet with other countries concerning the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in which Japan promised to support the United States' search for fair trade. It should also be noted that China criticized the reversion of sovereignty, calling it, "illegal." They tried to make claims on the area, but were unsuccessful because there was no evidence that there was ever an official Chinese settlement in Okinawa.

Reaction in Japan
The agreements sparked controversy in both Okinawa and mainland Japan for different reasons. Despite the desire of many inhabitants of the islands for some form of independence, the Japanese government decided to negotiate reversion of the prefecture back to its control. The document was not ratified in Japan until November 24, 1971 by the National Diet. Even before the discussions, the Ryukyu independence movement was aiming to have Okinawa attain independence from America and Japan. In Tokyo, a group of radical students discontent with American military presence in Okinawa, rioted using Molotov cocktails and steel pipes, killing a police officer. The Koza riot is another example of the social unrest that took place in Japan during these times. American military forces have reported that the reversion of sovereignty created a new and challenging environment for military forces to deal with.

Okinawa Reversion 40th Anniversary Ceremony
In 2011, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda visited Okinawa and gave a speech stating the Japanese government supports Okinawa's independent plans to help improve the city. He also acknowledged the burden the military bases in Okinawa have on the islanders and claimed to continue trying to reduce the burden. Noda also said that, "It is Okinawa that will be the driving force for Japan as a whole, creating a role for itself at the forefront of the Asia-Pacific era. It is we who are responsible for creating this future. There is no doubt that the aspirations of the people of Okinawa for peace, and their globally-minded spirit as a "bridge between nations" will be a tremendous asset in the development and growth of Okinawa in the 21st century." Citizens in Okinawa continue to seek the removal of military bases and equal living standards with mainland Japanese citizens. Since the reversion, the inhabitants of Okinawa rely on government investment for improvement instead of American military spending. References: