User:Maramaydh/sandbox

{Maramaydh}

www.dutchgrammar.com Strictly speaking, we only have two tenses: The present and the past. We do, however, define a few 'semi-tenses' by an interaction of tense (present or past), aspect (momentary or ongoing), and mood (is it a factual or a hypothetical statement?). This gives us a list of eight basic 'tenses'. 1. present 	ik werk 	I work 2. simple past 	ik werkte 	I worked 3. perfect 	ik heb gewerkt 	I have worked 4. pluperfect 	ik had gewerkt 	I had worked 5. future 	ik zal werken 	I will work 6. conditional 	ik zou werken 	I would work 7. future perfect 	ik zal hebben gewerkt 	I will have worked 8. conditional perfect 	ik zou hebben gewerkt 	I would have worked For each tense, you will have to learn two things: 1. Its conjugation (I work, he works, etc.) 2. Its application: When do we use the tense? Another common 'tense' -not mentioned here- is the continuous (or 'progressive'): ik ben aan het lopen (I am walking). This will be discussed in the next chapter, under aan het continuous and te continuous. The personal pronouns are: 1st singular 	I 	ik 2nd singular 	you 	je/u 3rd singular 	he/she/it 	hij/ze/het 1st plural 	we 	we 2nd plural 	you 	jullie 3rd plural 	they 	ze As in English, in Dutch we have regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs all follow the same conjugation. To conjugate a regular verb, we need to know the stem. Therefore, before we move on to the actual conjugation of a verb, we need to know how to derive the stem from an infinitive.

he verb stem •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen In order to conjugate a Dutch verb, you need to know how to get the verb stem. We obtain the stem from the infinitive. The latter is the verb in its 'unconjugated' form, the way you find it in a dictionary: to work, to see, to know, etc. Dutch infinitives always end in '-en', e.g. werken (to work), zien (to see), or weten (to know). The general rule for deriving the stem: stem = infinitive minus '-en' We call this the crude stem, because a stem often needs one or two additional adjustments. A few rules regarding the stem: •	Long vowel infinitives require long vowel stems •	A stem never ends in two identical consonants •	A stem never ends in v or z •	The stem of an '-iën verb' ends in ie If you have already familiarized yourself with the general Dutch spelling rules, the stem rules will not come as a surprise. On the following pages, we will discuss each of the above rules. Stem rule I • •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen Regular verbs can have long or short vowels. Recall, from the chapter about spelling and pronunciation (see rules for keeping vowels long/short): long vowel infinitives require long vowel stems Take, for example, maken (to make). Following the rule for deriving the crude stem from the infinitive (stem = infinitive minus -en ), we would get: mak This is a short vowel (a single, closed vowel). To keep it long, we need to add an extra a. The stem then becomes: maak. Examples of similar verbs are: infinitive 	english 	crude stem 	stem nemen 	to take 	nem 	neem lopen 	to walk 	lop 	loop leren 	to learn 	ler 	leer koken 	to cook 	kok 	kook breken 	to break 	brek 	breek vuren 	to shoot 	vur 	vuur horen 	to hear 	hor 	hoor weten 	to know 	wet 	weet Stem rule II • •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen If a crude stem ends in two identical consonants, we subtract one consonant. A stem never ends in two identical consonants Recall that a syllable never ends in two identical consonants. infinitive 	english 	crude stem 	stem pakken 	to get 	pakk 	pak missen 	to miss 	miss 	mis wennen 	to get used 	wenn 	wen lukken 	to succeed 	lukk 	luk stoppen 	to stop 	stopp 	stop vallen 	to fall 	vall 	val Stem rule III •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen When, after subtraction of -en from the infinitive (and possibly the correction for length of the vowel), the stem ends in v or z, these letters turn into f and s respectively. A stem never ends in v or z See also voiced and unvoiced consonants. infinitive 	english 	crude stem 	stem 	correction leven 	to live 	lev 	leef 	long vowel correction and replacing v by f lozen 	to dump 	loz 	loos 	long vowel correction and replacing z by s werven 	to acquire 	werv 	werf 	replacing v by f wuiven 	to wave 	wuiv 	wuif 	replacing v by f beven 	to tremble 	bev 	beef 	long vowel correction and replacing v by f durven 	to dare 	durv 	durf 	replacing v by f bonzen 	to pound 	bonz 	bons 	replacing z by s Stem rule IV • •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen There are a few verbs that end in -iën. The dieresis over e indicates that e is the beginning of a new syllable. Normally, ie is pronounced as ee in the English verb seek, but iën is pronounced as English ee-ye. The stem of an -iën verb ends in ie When we derive the stem of an -iën verb, we only subtract -n. We maintain -e but we remove the dieresis. For example: Infinitive 	ruziën (to quarrel) 	skiën (to ski) 	oliën (to oil) Stem 	ruzie 	skie 	olie Now that you know how to derive the stem from an infinitive, you will be able to conjugate a verb in all eight tenses. You will find that to do this properly, you cannot do without the knowledge about the stem you obtained in this section. The simple present •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen We use the simple present tense to refer to an event that takes place right now or to a current state. You can read more about the use of this tense on the next page. Let us first look at the technical part: The conjugation of the simple present tense. ik 	[stem] 	we 	infinitive je 	[stem] + t 	jullie 	infinitive hij 	[stem] + t 	ze 	infinitive The verbs maken, leren, huren en koken are all subject to the 1st stem rule: A long vowel infinitive requires a long vowel stem. •	maken (to make) and koken (to cook) maken 	stem: maak 	koken 	stem: kook ik 	maak 	ik 	kook je 	maakt 	je 	kookt hij 	maakt 	hij 	kookt we 	maken 	we 	koken jullie 	maken 	jullie 	koken ze 	maken 	ze 	koken •	leren (to learn) and huren (to rent) leren 	stem: leer 	huren 	stem: huur ik 	leer 	ik 	huur je 	leert 	je 	huurt hij 	leert 	hij 	huurt we 	leren 	we 	huren jullie 	leren 	jullie 	huren ze 	leren 	ze 	huren •	rusten (to rest) and blaten (to bleat) rusten 	stem: rust 	blaten 	stem: blaat ik 	rust 	ik 	blaat je 	rust 	je 	blaat hij 	rust 	hij 	blaat we 	rusten 	we 	blaten jullie 	rusten 	jullie 	blaten ze 	rusten 	ze 	blaten •	bloeden (to bleed) and leiden (to lead) bloeden 	stem: bloed 	leiden 	stem: leid ik 	bloed 	ik 	leid je 	bloedt 	je 	leidt hij 	bloedt 	hij 	leidt we 	bloeden 	we 	leiden jullie 	bloeden 	jullie 	leiden ze 	bloeden 	ze 	leiden Pay special attention to the last two verbs where the stem ends in -d: even though you cannot hear -t in the 2nd and 3rd person singular, you should not forget to add -t! (*) Observing the rule that a syllable never ends in two identical consonants: If the stem of a verb ends in -t like rusten, the stem does not get an extra t in the conjugation of the 2nd and the 3rd person singular. •	ruziën (to quarrel) and oliën (to oil) ruziën 	stem: ruzie 	oliën 	stem: olie ik 	ruzie 	ik 	olie je 	ruziet 	je 	oliet hij 	ruziet 	hij 	oliet we 	ruziën 	we 	oliën jullie 	ruziën 	jullie 	oliën ze 	ruziën 	ze 	oliën •	neuriën (to hum) and skiën (to ski) neuriën 	stem: neurie 	skiën 	stem: skie ik 	neurie 	ik 	ski (*) je 	neuriet 	je 	skiet hij 	neuriet 	hij 	skiet we 	neuriën 	we 	skiën jullie 	neuriën 	jullie 	skiën ze 	neuriën 	ze 	skiën (*) The first person singular is an exception: we subtract -e. A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. It conjugates Dutch verbs for you in all eight tenses. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural). Using the simple present •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen The Dutch are keen users of the present tense. They even use it to refer to the future or hypothetical (conditional) sentences. ik 	[stem] 	we 	infinitive je 	[stem] + t 	jullie 	infinitive hij 	[stem] + t 	ze 	infinitive The simple present tense is used in four cases: 1.	to refer to a momentary action that coincides with the moment we are talking about it 2.	to refer to an ongoing, habitual, or repetitive action or state 3.	to refer to a future event (in combination with an adverb of time) 4.	to refer to a hypothetical 'if - then' situation 1. Momentary action We use the simple tense to refer to a momentary action that coincides with the moment we are talking about it. If I say "I look at the painting", I am looking while mentioning it. Instead of the simple present tense, we can also (and often do) use the continuous: "I am looking at the painting". Ik neem een hapje. I am taking a bite. Het regent. It is raining. Ze valt bijna in slaap. She is almost falling asleep. 2. Ongoing, habitual, or repetitive action or state The action or state is not tied to the moment we are talking about it. Ze werkt bij de overheid. She works for the government. Hij studeert in Groningen. He studies in Groningen. Ik woon in Gent. I live in Ghent. "Ik woon in Gent" implies an ongoing state. It is likely that I also lived in Ghent yesterday and I will still live there tomorrow. It is an enduring state, which is not tied to the moment I mention it. Note that the Dutch always use the simple present to refer to a state which is still going on: Ik woon al drie jaar in Gent. I have lived in Ghent for three years. Ik tennis al vanaf mijn tiende jaar. I have played tennis ever since I was ten years old. Hij zorgt al jaren voor zijn zieke moeder. He has been looking after his ill mother for years. Where the English use the perfect tense, the Dutch use the simple present. A few more examples of habitual or repetitive actions: Zij komt altijd te laat. She is always late. Hij luistert elke morgen naar de radio. He listens to the radio every morning. Ik eet geen vlees. I do not eat meat. The vegetarian who says "Ik eet geen vlees" wants to express that he generally (habitually) does not eat meat. 3. Future events or actions Although we do have a future tense to refer to actions or events that take place in the future, the Dutch often use the simple present. The speaker uses an adverb of time (tomorrow, next week) to indicate that he is referring to the future. We eten morgen erwtensoep. We will eat peasoup tomorrow. Hij vliegt aanstaande vrijdag naar Rome. He will fly to Rome coming Friday. Ik neem er straks nog een. I will have another one in a moment. 4. Conditional sentences: If - then Where the English use the auxiliary verb 'will' after an 'if clause', the Dutch are perfectly happy with the simple present. The Dutch equivalent for 'will' (zullen) can be used as well (see future tense) but it will make a sentence sound rather stiff. Als je licht uitdoet, kun je de sterren beter zien. If you switch off the light, you will see the stars better. Als alles volgens plan verloopt, komen ze volgende week terug* naar Nederland. If everything is going according to the plan, they will come back to the Netherlands next week. Als je te veel cola drinkt, krijg je gaatjes in je tanden. If you drink too much coke, you will get cavities in your teeth. Terugkomen is a separable compound verb.

T and d verbs •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen Before we move on to the conjugation of the simple past, we have to stop for a moment and look at an important phenomenon in the Dutch language. The Dutch distinguish between d and t verbs. We speak of a t-verb when the crude stem (not the 'final' stem!) of a verb ends in the consonants t, h, f, c, k, s or p. All other verbs, i.e. verbs that do not end in any of these consonants, are considered d-verbs. 't Kofschip or pocketfish It is probably quite difficult to remember these letters separately. To remember them, the Dutch use the words 't kofschip ('the koff boat') or 't fokschaap ('the breeding sheep'), which both contain all of the t-verb consonants. The only consonant that is missing is the letter 'x'. This is not such a problem as there are only very few verb stems that end in -x. A common x-verb is faxen (to fax). For those of you who find it hard to remember 't kofschip or 't fokschaap, I invented a new fish: The "pocket fish". This may be easier to remember for English speakers. Perhaps you will find a better one yourself. v and z verbs Remember, that you have to look at the last letter of the crude stem to determine whether a verb is a t or a d-verb. The v and z infinitives can be quite misleading: Infinitive 	Crude stem 	Stem 	Last letter crude stem 	In pocket fish? d- or t-verb? zweven (to float) 	zwev 	zweef 	v 	no 	d verb verven (to paint) 	verv 	verf 	v 	no 	d verb lozen (to dump) 	loz 	loos 	z 	no 	d verb razen (to rage) 	raz 	raas 	z 	no 	d verb Even though the stem ends in f or s (both part of pocket fish), the verbs are d verbs, as their crude stems end in v and z respectively. The simple past •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen The Dutch use the simple past tense to refer to an event that took place in the past. On the next page, you can read more about the use of this tense. Now, why did you need to know the difference between d- and t-verbs? The reason is that they follow different conjugations. They are similar, but where a t-verb takes -te(n) in the past tense, a d-verb takes -de(n). Conjugation of a t-verb ik 	[stem] + te 	we 	[stem] + ten je 	[stem] + te 	jullie 	[stem] + ten hij 	[stem] + te 	ze 	[stem] + ten Conjugation of a d-verb ik 	[stem] + de 	we 	[stem] + den je 	[stem] + de 	jullie 	[stem] + den hij 	[stem] + de 	ze 	[stem] + den Examples •	merken (to notice) and wensen (to wish) merken 	stem: merk 	wensen 	stem: wens ik 	merkte 	ik 	wenste je 	merkte 	je 	wenste hij 	merkte 	hij 	wenste we 	merkten 	we 	wensten jullie 	merkten 	jullie 	wensten ze 	merkten 	ze 	wensten Note the double 't' in the conjugation of rusten and double 'd' in the conjugation of bloeden. You do not hear the double 'd' or 't', but you do have to write it! Wij bloeden and wij bloedden are pronounced the same, but the first is the present tense, the latter the past. •	rusten (to rest) and bloeden (to bleed) rusten 	stem: rust 	bloeden 	stem: bloed ik 	rustte 	ik 	bloedde je 	rustte 	je 	bloedde hij 	rustte 	hij 	bloedde we 	rustten 	we 	bloedden jullie 	rustten 	jullie 	bloedden ze 	rustten 	ze 	bloedden •	luisteren (to listen) and kussen (to kiss) luisteren 	stem: luister 	kussen 	stem: kus ik 	luisterde 	ik 	kuste je 	luisterde 	je 	kuste hij 	luisterde 	hij 	kuste we 	luisterden 	we 	kusten jullie 	luisterden 	jullie 	kusten ze 	luisterden 	ze 	kusten •	roeien (to row) and lenen (to lend, to borrow) roeien 	stem: roei 	lenen 	stem: leen ik 	roeide 	ik 	leende je 	roeide 	je 	leende hij 	roeide 	hij 	leende we 	roeiden 	we 	leenden jullie 	roeiden 	jullie 	leenden ze 	roeiden 	ze 	leenden A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. It conjugates Dutch verbs for you in all eight tenses. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural). Using the simple past •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen The Dutch use the simple past tense to refer to an action or event that took place in the past. The distinction between the simple past and the present perfect is often rather unclear, even to Dutch speakers. In many cases, you can use both. ik 	[stem] + te / de 	we 	[stem] + ten / den je 	[stem] + te / de 	jullie 	[stem] + ten / den hij 	[stem] + te / de 	ze 	[stem] + ten / den There are a few guidelines that will help you to decide when to use the simple past. We use the simple past: 1.	to refer to events that took place in the past and that do not have a relation to the present 2.	to describe what went on during a certain past event 3.	when we introduce a past action or event by 'toen' (when) 1. Past events that do not have any bearing on the present If the event or action is still relevant to the present time, we generally use the present perfect. The relevance to the present is, of course, highly subjective. It is important to know that when referring to past events or actions, the present perfect is much more common than the simple past. Karel de Grote regeerde van 800 tot 814. Charlemagne reigned from 800 until 814. De Industriële Revolutie begon in Engeland. The Industrial Revolution began in England. 2. Describing what went on during a certain past event When we refer to an event that took place in the past, all information surrounding that event is set in the simple past. Dat was zo'n natte picknick vorig jaar, weet je nog? Het regende pijpenstelen! That was such a wet picnic last year, do you remember? It was raining cats and dogs! Op zijn verjaardag feliciteerden we hem, zongen we een verjaardagsliedje en gaven we hem een cadeau. On his birthday, we congratulated him, sang a birthday song, and gave him a present. Tijdens de kabinetscrisis was de premier op vakantie. During the cabinet crisis, the prime-minister was on vacation. To set the stage in the past, we usually use the present perfect (written in blue in the examples below). All events and actions that follow are described by the simple past. We zijn gisteren naar de bioscoop geweest en raad eens wie we daar tegenkwamen? We went to the cinema yesterday and guess whom we ran into? We zijn dit jaar naar Slovenië op vakantie geweest. We verbleven eerst in een hotel in Ljubljana en daarna logeerden we een week bij vrienden in de buurt van het Bledmeer. This year, we went on vacation to Slovenia. First, we stayed in a hotel in Ljubljana and then, we stayed a week with friends near Lake Bled. Er is veel commotie rond geweest. Ze zeiden dat hij het geld had verduisterd. There has been a lot of commotion about it. They said that he had embezzled the money. The last example already gives you a preview of the pluperfect ('had verduisterd' or 'had embezzled'). 3. Introducing a past action or event by 'toen' (when) When we point to a past event by using 'toen' (when), we generally use the simple past tense. If we use the perfect tense at all, it must be the pluperfect. Toen ik wakker werd, scheen de zon volop. When I woke up, the sun was shining brightly. Toen we terugkwamen van vakantie, schrokken we ons kapot: er liepen allemaal kakkerlakken in de badkamer! When got back from vacation, we were really shocked: We had cock-roaches in our bathroom! Toen je drie jaar werd, kreeg je een knuffelbeer met een grote rode hoed. When you turned three, you got a teddy bear with a huge red hat. Note that we also use 'toen' as a translation of 'then'. The above examples of 'toen' all mean 'when'. The past participle •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen For the perfect tense, we use a past participle. For the conjugation of the past participle, we must distinguish between t-verbs and d-verbs (just like we did for the simple past). To establish whether we are dealing with a t-verb or a d-verb, we have to look at the last letter of the verb stem. If this is t, h, f, c, k, s or p, ("pocket fish") it is a t-verb, all other verbs are d-verbs. past participle = ge + [stem] + t / d Whether the past participle ends in a -t or -d depends of course on whether the verb is a t or a d-verb. maken 	to make 	stem: maak (t-verb) 	past participle: ge + maak + t = gemaakt luisteren 	to listen 	stem: luister (d-verb) 	past participle: ge + luister + d = geluisterd In Dutch I have made becomes: ik heb gemaakt. The ge + stem + t/d rule applies to most regular verbs, but there are also verbs that need an extra or different treatment. Two points to bear in mind for the past participle: 1. A past participle never ends in double t or double d If the stem ends in -t we do not add an extra t to the past participle, if a stem ends in -d, we skip the extra d. This is actually not really an exception, if you remember that a syllable never ends in two identical consonants. rusten 	to rest 	does not become: ge + rust + t 	but: ge + rust = gerust bloeden 	to bleed 	does not become: ge + bloed + d 	but: ge + bloed = gebloed 2. Prefixes be-, er-, ge-, her-, ont- and ver - All verbs that begin with the prefixes: be-, er-, ge-, her-*, ont-, and ver- do not get ge- before the past participle. The prefix replaces ge-. The rule for forming the past participle is here: (no ge) stem + t/d. infinitive 	in english 	past participle verdelen 	to distribute 	stem+d = verdeeld geschieden 	to happen 	stem (no extra 'd') = geschied betalen 	to pay 	stem+d = betaald ontdekken 	to discover 	stem+t = ontdekt erkennen 	to acknowledge 	stem+d = erkend herkennen 	to recognize 	stem+d = herkend infinitive 	in english 	past participle herbergen 	to accommodate 	ge+stem+d = geherbergd herhuisvesten 	to relocate 	ge+stem (no t ) = geherhuisvest herstructureren 	to restructure 	ge+stem+d = geherstructureerd A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. It conjugates Dutch verbs for you in all eight tenses. The present perfect •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen For the perfect tense, we generally use the verb hebben (to have), just like in English: "You have worked". For a few verbs we use zijn (to be). See also hebben and zijn and the past participle. The verb that follows hebben or zijn is the past participle (pp). Just like with the simple past, you need to know the difference between d and t verbs when you form the past participle. Hebben and zijn are both irregular verbs. ik 	heb/ben + pp 	we 	hebben/zijn + pp je 	hebt/bent + pp 	jullie 	hebben/zijn + pp hij 	heeft/is + pp 	ze 	hebben/zijn + pp A few examples of the conjugation of the perfect tense: •	blaffen (to bark) and branden (to burn) blaffen 	stem: blaf 	branden 	stem: brand ik 	heb geblaft 	ik 	heb gebrand je 	hebt geblaft 	je 	hebt gebrand hij 	heeft geblaft 	hij 	heeft gebrand we 	hebben geblaft 	we 	hebben gebrand jullie 	hebben geblaft 	jullie 	hebben gebrand ze 	hebben geblaft 	ze 	hebben gebrand •	zaaien (to sow) and groeien (to grow) zaaien 	stem: zaai 	groeien* 	stem: groei ik 	heb gezaaid 	ik 	ben gegroeid je 	hebt gezaaid 	je 	bent gegroeid hij 	heeft gezaaid 	hij 	is gegroeid we 	hebben gezaaid 	we 	zijn gegroeid jullie 	hebben gezaaid 	jullie 	zijn gegroeid ze 	hebben gezaaid 	ze 	zijn gegroeid (*) For the past participle of groeien, we use zijn. On the next page, you will learn when we use the present perfect. A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. It conjugates Dutch verbs for you in all eight tenses. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural). Using the present perfect •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen We use the present perfect for past actions and events. This can be a bit confusing because this is precisely what we said about the simple past! The Dutch themselves often mix up these two tenses and there are no strict rules that tell you when to use which tense. We only have a few guidelines. You may find this lack of clear instructions annoying but you can also see it from the positive side: You will hardly ever be really wrong. ik 	heb/ben + pp 	we 	hebben/zijn + pp je 	hebt/bent + pp 	jullie 	hebben/zijn + pp hij 	heeft/is + pp 	ze 	hebben/zijn + pp I advise you to read the page about using the simple past first. If you know when to use the simple past, you can safely use the present perfect in all other cases. When referring to an event that took place in the past, we usually opt for the present perfect. Hij heeft haar vandaag al drie keer gebeld. He already called her three times today. Ik ben nog nooit zo gelukkig geweest ! I have never been this happy! Afgelopen zaterdag hebben we lang uitgeslapen. Last Saturday, we slept till late. We often combine the present perfect with the simple past. The present perfect sets the event in the past, the simple past describes what went on during that event. For examples, see using the simple past. The pluperfect •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen The pluperfect works in the precise same way as the present perfect, but this time, we use the simple past tense of the verbs hebben or zijn before the past participle. ik 	had/was + pp 	we 	hadden/waren + pp je 	had/was + pp 	jullie 	hadden/waren + pp hij 	had/was + pp 	ze 	hadden/waren + pp •	praten (to talk) and luisteren (to listen) praten 	stem: praat 	luisteren 	stem: luister ik 	had gepraat 	ik 	had geluisterd je 	had gepraat 	je 	had geluisterd hij 	had gepraat 	hij 	had geluisterd we 	hadden gepraat 	we 	hadden geluisterd jullie 	hadden gepraat 	jullie 	hadden geluisterd ze 	hadden gepraat 	ze 	hadden geluisterd •	vallen (to fall) and betalen (to pay) vallen* 	stem: val 	betalen 	stem: betaal ik 	was gevallen 	ik 	had betaald je 	was gevallen 	je 	had betaald hij 	was gevallen 	hij 	had betaald we 	waren gevallen 	we 	hadden betaald jullie 	waren gevallen 	jullie 	hadden betaald ze 	waren gevallen 	ze 	hadden betaald For the past participle of the strong verb 'vallen', we use zijn. A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. It conjugates Dutch verbs for you in all eight tenses. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural). Using the pluperfect •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen We use the pluperfect to refer to an event that occured before another past event. ik 	had/was + pp 	we 	hadden/waren + pp je 	had/was + pp 	jullie 	hadden/waren + pp hij 	had/was + pp 	ze 	hadden/waren + pp Suppose we are at the theatre. We are watching a play that you have already seen before. Tomorrow, I will say: "Yesterday, we watched a play that you had already seen before." The event of watching a play is in the past but you had already seen it before this past event. For this past-past event, we use the pluperfect. Toen wij aankwamen, waren de meeste gasten al gearriveerd. When we came, most guests had already arrived. Anderlecht heeft de wedstrijd gewonnen maar dat hadden we al voorspeld. Anderlecht has won the match but we had already predicted that. Nadat we hadden uitgelegd dat we onze vlucht hadden gemist, lieten ze ons in de vertrekhal slapen. After we had explained that we had missed our flights, they let us sleep in the departure hall. Voorspeld is the past participle of the inseparable compound verb voorspellen and uitgelegd the past participle of the separable compound verb uitleggen. The simple future •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen For the future tense, we use the auxiliary verb zullen (will). At least, this is what we are taught at school. In every day's Dutch, we use other ways to express that an event takes place in the future. On the next page, you can read more about the use of the future tense. zullen is an irregular verb. ik 	zal + infinitive 	we 	zullen + infinitive je 	zult/zal + infinitive 	jullie 	zullen + infinitive hij 	zal + infinitive 	ze 	zullen + infinitive Je zult and je zal have the same meaning and both are equally correct. Some people prefer to use 'zult', others like 'zal' better. Examples •	praten (to talk) and luisteren (to listen) praten 	stem: praat 	luisteren 	stem: luister ik 	zal praten 	ik 	zal luisteren je 	zult/zal praten 	je 	zult/zal luisteren hij 	zal praten 	hij 	zal luisteren we 	zullen praten 	we 	zullen luisteren jullie 	zullen praten 	jullie 	zullen luisteren ze 	zullen praten 	ze 	zullen luisteren •	vallen (to fall) and betalen (to pay) vallen 	stem: val 	betalen 	stem: betaal ik 	zal vallen 	ik 	zal betalen je 	zult/zal vallen 	je 	zult/zal betalen hij 	zal vallen 	hij 	zal betalen we 	zullen vallen 	we 	zullen betalen jullie 	zullen vallen 	jullie 	zullen betalen ze 	zullen vallen 	ze 	zullen betalen A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. It conjugates Dutch verbs for you in all eight tenses. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural). Using the simple future •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen Although Dutch children are taught that zullen + infinitive constitutes the future tense, it really is quite a formal way to talk about a future event. On our forum, you can read an interesting topic about  the use of zullen. ik 	zal + infinitive 	we 	zullen + infinitive je 	zult + infinitive 	jullie 	zullen + infinitive hij 	zal + infinitive 	ze 	zullen + infinitive On this page, you will learn how the Dutch usually refer to the future but first, we will discuss the use of zullen + infintive. So when do we use zullen + infinitive ? Zullen + infinitive is more similar to 'shall' than to 'will'. We use it to: •	express a promise or a proposal •	stress that something will most certainly happen (it is bound to happen) •	express that an event is likely going to take place (by explicitly mentioning the probability) Now you may wonder when we do not use it. We do not use it when we casually talk about events that are going to take place in the future. By 'casually', I mean that we are not stressing that the event must take place, nor do we give any indication about the probability of the event. We also do not use it in conditional (if-then) sentences. •	Expressing a promise, a proposal, or a solemn plan: Ik zal het nooit meer doen! I shall not do it again (I promise!) Zal ik de afwas doen? Shall I do the dishes? Ik zal daar geen genoegen mee nemen! I will not settle for that! •	Stressing that something is bound to happen: Je zult dat nog nodig hebben. You are going to need it. Het zal niet makkelijk zijn. It will not be easy. Daar zal niet veel van overblijven. There will not be much left of it. •	Expressing that an event is likely going to take place by explicitly mentioning the probability. The probabilities are written in blue. Hij zal het waarschijnlijk morgen bekendmaken. He will probably announce it tomorrow. Het zal morgen wel weer regenen. It will probably rain again tomorrow. Je zult haar wel herkennen. You will probably recognize her. We use the modal particle 'wel' for a variety of purposes (see also our forum topic  Nogmaals over zinnen met het woord wel). When we combine 'wel' with 'zullen', it means 'waarschijnlijk' (probably). How do the Dutch usually refer to the future? The Dutch often use the verb gaan instead of zullen. We could compare this with English going to. We use it: •	to express an intended action (but no promise, proposal, or solemn plan); •	to say that an event is going to take place (without stressing the certainty or mentioning the probability). Ik ga vanavond pannenkoeken bakken. I am going to bake pancakes tonight. Dit jaar gaan we nog veel leuke dingen doen. We are going to do many nice things this year. Zij gaat morgen een liedje voor ons zingen. Tomorrow, she is going to sing a song for us. Het gaat morgen regenen. It is going to rain tomorrow. If the point in time that the event is going to take place is explicitly mentioned, we often use the simple present. The adverbs of time are written in blue. Ik bak vanavond pannenkoeken. Tonight, I will bake pancakes. Dit jaar doen we nog veel leuke dingen. This year, we will do many nice things. Ze zingt morgen een liedje voor ons. Tomorrow, she will sing a song for us. We doen het de volgende keer samen. Next time, we will do it together. The future perfect •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen The future perfect is rather uncommon in Dutch. We use it if we want to say that something will have been completed in the future. On the next page, you can read more about when the Dutch use this tense. For the conjugation of the future perfect, you have to combine your knowledge of the future tense and the perfect tense. Do read these pages first, otherwise you are going to have a hard time understanding the conjugation below. ik 	zal 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp je 	zult 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp hij 	zal 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp we 	zullen 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp jullie 	zullen 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp ze 	zullen 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp PP is, of course, the past participle. •	redden (to rescue) and lenen (to borrow) redden 	stem: red 	lenen 	stem: leen ik 	zal hebben gered 	ik 	zal hebben geleend je 	zal hebben gered 	je 	zal hebben geleend hij 	zal hebben gered 	hij 	zal hebben geleend we 	zullen hebben gered 	we 	zullen hebben geleend jullie 	zullen hebben gered 	jullie 	zullen hebben geleend ze 	zullen hebben gered 	ze 	zullen hebben geleend •	spelen (to play) and gaan (to go) spelen 	stem: speel 	gaan* 	stem: ga ik 	zal hebben gespeeld 	ik 	zal zijn gegaan je 	zal hebben gespeeld 	je 	zal zijn gegaan hij 	zal hebben gespeeld 	hij 	zal zijn gegaan we 	zullen hebben gespeeld 	we 	zullen zijn gegaan jullie 	zullen hebben gespeeld 	jullie 	zullen zijn gegaan ze 	zullen hebben gespeeld 	ze 	zullen zijn gegaan Gaan is an irregular verb and we use zijn (to be) instead of hebben (to have). A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural). Using the future perfect •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen We use the future perfect to say that something will have been completed at some point in the future. If I have to finish an assignment by tomorrow, I could say "I will have finished it tomorrow". ik 	zal 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp je 	zult/zal 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp hij 	zal 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp we 	zullen 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp jullie 	zullen 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp ze 	zullen 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp In Dutch, this tense is quite uncommon. Instead of the future perfect, the Dutch usually opt for the present perfect. [future perfect - less common] Morgen zal ze het allemaal zijn vergeten. Tomorrow, she will have forgotten all about it. [present perfect - common] Morgen is ze het allemaal vergeten. Tomorrow, she has forgotten all about it. [future perfect - less common] Als de crisis voorbij is, zal het probleem nog niet zijn opgelost. When the crisis is over, the problem will not have been solved yet. [present perfect - common] Als de crisis voorbij is, is het probleem nog niet opgelost. When the crisis is over, the problem is not solved yet. The Dutch basically say: "Tomorrow, she has forgotten all about it", and "When the crisis is over, the problem is not solved yet" (instead of "... she will have forgotten ...", and "... the problem will not have been solved ..."). A very useful web site: www.verbix.com. The conditional •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen We use the conditional tense to refer to hypothetical situations. On the next page, this will be further explained. The conditional tense works the same as the future tense, but instead of the present tense of the (irregular) verb zullen, we use the past tense: ik 	zou + infinitive 	we 	zouden + infinitive je 	zou + infinitive 	jullie 	zouden + infinitive hij 	zou + infinitive 	ze 	zouden + infinitive Examples •	zeggen (to say) and luisteren (to listen) zeggen 	stem: zeg 	luisteren 	stem: luister ik 	zou zeggen 	ik 	zou luisteren je 	zou zeggen 	je 	zou luisteren hij 	zou zeggen 	hij 	zou luisteren we 	zouden zeggen 	we 	zouden luisteren jullie 	zouden zeggen 	jullie 	zouden luisteren ze 	zouden zeggen 	ze 	zouden luisteren •	springen (to jump) and betalen (to pay) springen 	stem: spring 	betalen 	stem: betaal ik 	zou springen 	ik 	zou betalen je 	zou springen 	je 	zou betalen hij 	zou springen 	hij 	zou betalen we 	zouden springen 	we 	zouden betalen jullie 	zouden springen 	jullie 	zouden betalen ze 	zouden springen 	ze 	zouden betalen A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural). Using the conditional •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen ik 	zou + infinitive 	we 	zouden + infinitive je 	zou + infinitive 	jullie 	zouden + infinitive hij 	zou + infinitive 	ze 	zouden + infinitive We use the conditional tense to refer to hypothetical situations. The most common form is the conditional: If certain criteria were met, then a certain hypothetical situation would be the case. Will and would For more realistic situations (less 'hypothetical'), we can also use the future tense: If certain criteria are met, then a certain hypothetical situation will be the case. In this case, however, the Dutch normally use the simple present. Present and future Although we use the past tense of the verb zullen (zouden), we are referring to hypothetical situations in the present or future. For past hypothetical situations, we use the conditional perfect. If - then situations For the verbs in the if-clause, the English often use the subjunctive (not 'he was' but 'he were'). Dat zou ik niet doen als ik jou was. I would not do that if I were you. Als hij niet zo verlegen was, zou hij meer vrienden hebben. If he were not so shy, he would have more friends. Sometimes, the if-then structure is not clearly visible: We zouden ons maar vervelen (als we er te lang bleven) 	We would only be bored (if we stayed there too long) Dat zou wel heel vreemd zijn. (als het waar is wat je zegt) 	That would be really strange (if what you are saying is true) In English, 'would' can only occur in the then-clause. A sentence like: "If I would..., then I would..." is not considered proper English: We cannot use the conditional tense on both sides of the comma. The Dutch, however, do not see anything wrong with this construction. This means you can come across the following sentences, which all mean "If I had to choose again, I would choose the same". Four ways to say the same thing 	Literal translation Als ik opnieuw moest kiezen, dan zou ik hetzelfde kiezen. If I had to choose again, I would choose the same. Als ik opnieuw zou moeten kiezen, dan koos ik hetzelfde. If I would have to choose again, I chose the same. Als ik opnieuw zou moeten kiezen, dan zou ik hetzelfde kiezen. If I would have to choose again, I would choose the same. Als ik opnieuw moest kiezen, dan koos ik hetzelfde. If I had to choose again, I chose the same. The last example shows you the Dutch can refer to a hypothetical event by using the simple past on both sides. Supposed-to-be situations Zouden is also used when we talk about what should be the case according to our norms, plans, or expectations. Hij zou vandaag op tijd komen (maar hij was wéér te laat). He was supposed to be on time today (but he was late again). Ze zouden erover ophouden (maar nu hebben ze het er weer over). They were supposed to stop talking about it (but now they are talking about it again). Hij zou tot januari blijven. He was going to stay until January. Polite form We also use zouden to sound more polite. To politely express a wish, we add the adverb graag ('with pleasure', please), which gives us the equivalent of English I would like... Ik zou graag een retourtje Leiden willen. I would like a return ticket to Leiden. We also use zou(den) to make a suggestion in the form of a question: "Would it not be better if..." Zou het niet makkelijker zijn als je gewoon een schaar gebruikte? Would it not be easier if you simply used scissors? Should In Dutch, we do not have a verb for should. Instead, we use a combination of two verbs: zouden moeten. The equivalent of I should work in Dutch is ik zou moeten werken. Thus, if we place the infinitive moeten (to must, to have to) after zouden, we get the equivalent of English should. Ik zou mijn tentamens beter moeten voorbereiden. I should prepare for my tests better We zouden daar niet te lang moeten blijven. We should not stay there too long. Dat zou je moeten weten. You should know that. Note that we do not always translate should to zouden moeten. When the required action is urgent or presented as a clear command, we often simply suffice by saying moeten: Wat moeten we nu doen? What should we do now? Je moet je identiteitsbewijs altijd bij je dragen. You should always carry your ID. Je moet better opletten. You should pay more attention. A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural). The conditional perfect •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen While the (simple) conditional tense refers to hypothetical situations in the present or future, the conditional perfect refers to hypothetical situations in the past. The conjugation is the same as the future perfect tense, with the only difference that the verb zullen is conjugated in the simple past tense. ik 	zou 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp je 	zou 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp hij 	zou 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp we 	zouden 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp jullie 	zouden 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp ze 	zouden 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp Examples •	dansen (to dance) and rennen (to run) dansen 	stem: dans 	rennen 	stem: ren ik 	zou hebben gedanst 	ik 	zou hebben gerend je 	zou hebben gedanst 	je 	zou hebben gerend hij 	zou hebben gedanst 	hij 	zou hebben gerend we 	zouden hebben gedanst 	we 	zouden hebben gerend jullie 	zouden hebben gedanst 	jullie 	zouden hebben gerend ze 	zouden hebben gedanst 	ze 	zouden hebben gerend •	wachten (to wait) and vertrekken (to leave) wachten 	stem: wacht 	vertrekken* 	stem: vertrek ik 	zou hebben gewacht 	ik 	zou zijn vertrokken je 	zou hebben gewacht 	je 	zou zijn vertrokken hij 	zou hebben gewacht 	hij 	zou zijn vertrokken we 	zouden hebben gewacht 	we 	zouden zijn vertrokken jullie 	zouden hebben gewacht 	jullie 	zouden zijn vertrokken ze 	zouden hebben gewacht 	ze 	zouden zijn vertrokken Vertrekken is a strong verb and we use zijn (to be) instead of hebben (to have). A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural). Using the conditional perfect •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen ik 	zou 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp je 	zou 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp hij 	zou 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp we 	zouden 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp jullie 	zouden 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp ze 	zouden 	hebben/zijn 	+ pp We use the conditional perfect refers to hypothetical situations in the past. Just like the simple conditional tense, it mainly serves to express a conditional clause: If certain criteria had been met, then a certain hypothetical situation would have been the case. In the examples below, the verbs of the conditional perfect are written in blue. Als je goed had opgelet, zou je hebben gemerkt dat... If you had paid attention, you would have noticed that... Het zou nog veel erger zijn geweest als de motor het ook had begeven. It would have been a lot worse if the engine had also broken down. In English, we cannot use the conditional tense on both sides of the comma. If the 'then-clause' is in the conditional perfect tense, the 'if-clause' usually gets the pluperfect tense. In this respect, the Dutch are very easy-going: It does not matter which clause gets the conditional perfect. Moreover, you can completely do without the conditional perfect and still refer to a past hypothetical event (see the fourth example below). The verbs of the conditional perfect are displayed in blue. Four ways to say the same thing 	Literal translation Als ik iets later was vertrokken, zou ik in de file hebben gestaan. If I had left a bit later, I would have been in a traffic jam. Als ik iets later zou zijn vertrokken, had ik in de file gestaan. If I would have left a bit later, I had been in a traffic jam. Als ik iets later zou zijn vertrokken, zou ik in de file hebben gestaan. If I would have left a bit later, I would have been in a traffic jam. Als ik iets later was vertrokken, had ik in de file gestaan. If I had left a bit later, I had been in a traffic jam. Although we do use the conditional perfect in Dutch, the last example shows us a very common way to refer to past hypothetical situations. We often do not use the conditional perfect at all. Instead, we opt for the pluperfect tense. Using the pluperfect to refer to past hypothetical events In Dutch, we often use the pluperfect tense to express a hypothetical situation in the past. Ik had dat zeker niet gedaan. I certainly would not have done that. Als je op tijd was geweest, dan had je het al afgehad. If you had been on time, (then) you would have finished it already. Another way of writing an 'als-subclause' is to leave out 'als' and to invert the finite form (meaning that the finite verb and subject switch places): Was je op tijd geweest, dan had je het al afgehad. Had you been on time, (then) you would have finished it already. Should have For "should have [past participle]", the Dutch say: "hadden moeten* [infinitive]." The Dutch construction is in the pluperfect tense, which we often use instead of the conditional perfect. Ik had dat niet moeten zeggen. I should not have said that. Ik had mijn tentamen beter moeten voorbereiden. I should have prepared for the test better. (*) Normally, the verbs that follow after hebben, worden, or zijn are past participles: Here, we find an infinitive (moeten). For the explanation: see past participle turning into an infinitive. A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural). Summarizing the regular verbs •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen How to get the proper stem from an infinitive 1.	Step 1: divide the infinitive into syllables 2.	Step 2: determine whether the verb has a short or a long vowel. Recall, that if you have an open e, it is not necessarily a long vowel. It is only long when it is stressed. 3.	Step 3: subtract -en to obtain the crude stem 4.	Step 4: If the infinitive has a long vowel, make sure the stem is long too (add a vowel if necessary) 5.	Step 5: If the crude stem ends in two identical consonants, subtract one 6.	Step 6: If the crude stem ends in v or z, replace by f or s respectively. All tenses present simple 	past simple ik [stem] 	ik [stem] + de/te je [stem] + t 	je [stem] + de/te hij [stem] + t 	hij [stem] + de/te we infinitive 	we [stem] + den/ten jullie infinitive 	jullie [stem] + den/ten ze infinitive 	ze [stem] + den/ten perfect 	pluperfect ik heb ge + [stem] + d/t 	ik had ge + [stem] + d/t je hebt ge + [stem] + d/t 	je had ge + [stem] + d/t hij heeft ge + [stem] + d/t 	hij had ge + [stem] + d/t we hebben ge + [stem] + d/t 	we hadden ge + [stem] + d/t jullie hebben ge + [stem] + d/t 	jullie hadden ge + [stem] + d/t ze hebben ge + [stem] + d/t 	ze hadden ge + [stem] + d/t future 	conditional ik zal infinitive 	ik zou infinitive je zult infinitive 	je zou infinitive hij zal infinitive 	hij zou infinitive we zullen infinitive 	we zouden infinitive jullie zullen infinitive 	jullie zouden infinitive ze zullen infinitive 	ze zouden infinitive future perfect 	conditional perfect ik zal hebben pp 	ik zou hebben pp je zult hebben pp 	jij zou hebben pp hij zal hebben pp 	hij zou hebben pp we zullen hebben pp 	we zouden hebben pp jullie zullen hebben pp 	jullie zouden hebben pp ze zullen hebben pp 	ze zouden hebben pp pp = past participle. A very useful web site is www.verbix.com. Note that the examples above give you the unstressed personal pronouns. Some pronouns change when they are stressed in a phrase: je/jij, we/wij, ze/zij (both singular and plural).
 * ) In the category of her-words, there are a few exceptions:

List of 'te' + infinitive verbs •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen In the table below, the most common te-verbs are listed. (iemand) aanmoedigen om te 	to encourage someone to 	om verbs

bedoelen om te 	to intend, to mean 	om verbs

(iemand) bevelen (om) te 	to order to 	om verbs

beloven 	to promise 	dat verbs and om verbs

beweren te 	to claim to 	dat verbs

blijken te 	to appear to 	dat verbs

blijven* 	to stay, remain 	verbable

denken te 	to think to 	dat verbs

durven te 	to dare to 	prepositions

(iemand) dwingen (om) te 	to force someone to 	om verbs

hangen te 	to be engaged in (while hanging (around)) 	te-continuous

hebben te* 	to have to 	prepositions

hoeven te 	to need to 	prepositions

hopen te 	to hope to 	dat verbs

komen te* 	to come to 	prepositions

liggen te 	to be engaged in (while lying) 	te-continuous

lijken te 	to seem to 	dat verbs

lopen te 	to be engaged in (while walking) 	te-continuous

menen te 	to mean to 	dat verbs

bevelen te 	to command, order 	om verbs

proberen (om) te 	to try to 	om verbs

schijnen te 	to seem to 	dat verbs

staan te 	to be engaged in (while standing) 	te-continuous

(ernaar) streven om te 	to strive, aspire 	om verbs

(iemand) verbieden (om) te 	to prohibit someone to 	om verbs

(ernaar) verlangen om te 	to desire, long for 	om verbs

(iemand) verzoeken (om) te 	to request someone to 	om verbs

vallen* 	to fall 	verbable

vragen (om) te 	to ask to 	om verbs

wensen te 	to wish to 	dat verbs and om verbs

zijn te* 	to be 	verbable

zitten te 	to be engaged in (while sitting) 	te-continuous

The verbs that follow after alvorens, door, in plaats van, na, and zonder are not mentioned in the list.The reason is that for these verbs, the presence of 'te' does not depend on the verb itself. It could be any verb, as long as it is preceded by alvorens, door, in plaats van, na, or zonder. Which in turn is followed by 'te'. In the table above, the presence of 'te' is determined by the verb itself. (*) This verb also occurs without 'te', with a different meaning. Te' + infinitive: om-verbs •	 •	 •	 •	 •	 Verb exercises  Online Verb Conjugator By Bieneke Berendsen The prepositions om, door, na, alvorens, in plaats van, and zonder can mark the beginning of a short subclause. If they do, the subclause always contains a "te + infinitive" construction. You can read more about this under short subclauses. Om 'Om' means 'in order to' or 'for'. It receives special attention here because there are a few verbs where we can omit 'om'. Instead of "Ik probeer om te slapen" (I try to sleep), we can also say "Ik probeer te slapen" (again: I try to sleep). 'Proberen' now looks like an 'infinitive + te' verb but it really is a an om-construction in disguise. The disguised om-verbs are listed below. They all have something to do with a wish, desire, or command. Note that you can only omit 'om' when it is preceded by one of the verbs in the list below. aanmoedigen to encourage 	Ze werden aangemoedigd om gezonder te gaan leven. They were encouraged to live a healthier life. bedoelen to intend 	Ik bedoelde om iets heel anders te zeggen. I meant to say something completely different. beloven to promise 	Hij belooft om vanaf nu op tijd te komen. He promises to be on time from now on. bevelen to command 	Ze beval hun om naar haar kantoor te komen. She ordered them to come to her office. opdragen to command 	Ze dragen je op om langer te blijven. They tell (order) you to stay longer. proberen to try 	Ik probeer om zonder wekker wakker te worden. I try to wake up without an alarm-clock. streven to strive, aim 	We streven ernaar om alle zwerfkatten een huis te geven. We try (have the ambition) to give all straycats a home. verlangen to desire 	Ze verlangden ernaar om terug naar huis te gaan. They longed (for it) to go home. verzoeken to request 	Mag ik jullie verzoeken om jullie voeten van tafel te halen? May I ask you to take your feet of the table? vragen om to ask for 	Ze vroegen je om mee te komen. They asked you to come along. wensen to wish, prefer 	De premier wenst om niet te komen. The prime minister prefers not to come. Notes: •	Beloven and wensen are also 'dat verbs'. Om-verbs in the perfect tense Because the verbs that follows after -often invisible- om are situated in a short subclause, the past participle in the main clause does not turn into an infinitive. Because dat-verbs are subject to the same principle, I refer to dat-verbs in the perfect tense for more information. Ze had hun bevolen om naar haar kantoor te komen. She had ordered them to come to her office. Ik heb geprobeerd om zonder wekker wakker te worden. I have tried to wake up without an alarm-clock. We hebben ernaar* gestreefd om alle zwerfkatten een huis te geven. We have tried (aimed) to give all straycats a home. Ze hebben jullie gevraagd om mee te komen. They have asked you to come along. Note: •	Ernaar is a pronominal adverb: naar het turns into ernaar. So why do we use er here? A preposition (in thise case, naar) needs to be followed by an object. Because streven naar requires an object within the same clause, we use a provisional er. The 'real' object is the entire subclause "(om) alle zwerfkatten een thuis te geven."
 * Vragen is mentioned with the preposition om because there are several other combinations possible: vragen naar and vragen aan do not mean the same as vragen om. See also the phrasal verbs list.