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Topic: Bituminite Partner: Thabiso Modise


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Sources: - https://journals-scholarsportal-info.proxy.library.carleton.ca/pdf/01665162/v18i1-2/71_batv.xml - https://journals-scholarsportal-info.proxy.library.carleton.ca/pdf/01665162/v24i1-4/195_abeatfamnwbc.xml - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166516216306772 - https://ac-els-cdn-com.proxy.library.carleton.ca/0166516287900322/1-s2.0-0166516287900322-main.pdf?_tid=spdf-44226f91-87f9-4901-9c5c-40e2f166b046&acdnat=1519879506_899d30c4d6d90f56967fdbb287d8499f - https://journals-scholarsportal-info.proxy.library.carleton.ca/pdf/01466380/v17i0002/211_cooscaoor.xml

Contribution to Article:

Physical properties of bituminite List and explain some of the distinctive features of bituminite. These properties include color, reflectance, fluorescence and density. These properties can help describe bituminite and distinguish it from other liptinite maceral group minerals.

Occurrence: Explain the types of environments we could get bituminite formation and the necessary conditions. In this section, we would also discuss other maceral minerals associated with bituminite formation. Also, given that bituminite is as organic rich mineral, we would also explain its change of grade during maturation.

Importance: Describe the significance of bituminite in the oil industry as an indicator of potential petroleum source-rock. Outline other uses of bituminite such as in tar, which is used for roofing, making roads etc.

_____________________________________________________________ =Article draft - Bituminite=

Bituminite is an autochthonous maceral that is a part of the liptinite group in lignite, that occurs in petroleum source rocks that originates from organic matter such as algae which has underwent alteration or degradation from natural processes such as burial. It occurs as fine-graned groundmass, laminae or elongated structures that appear as veinlets within horizontal sections of lignite and bituminous coals, and also occurs in sedimentary rocks. Bituminite is not considered to be bitumen because it's properties are different from most bitumens. It is described to have no definite shape or form when present in bedding and can be identified using different kinds of visible and fluorescent lights. There are three types of bituminite: type I, type II and type III, of which type I is the most common. The presence of bituminite in oil shales, other oil source rocks and some coals plays an important factor when determining potential petroleum-source rocks.

Physical Properties
Color and reflectance: When observed under transmitted light with oil immersion, bituminite is orange, reddish to brown. Under reflected light, bituminite is dark brown to dark grey and sometimes black in color.

Density: Bituminite has an approximate density of ~1.2-1.3 g/cm^3 which was determined by gradient centrifuging.

Polishing hardness: Bituminite has a very low polishing hardness. It usually smears during the polishing process because it is unconsolidated and very soft.

Occurence
Bituminite is found in oxic to anoxic lacustrine and marine environments commonly associated with other maceral minerals such as alginite and liptodetrinite. The organic material undergoes diagenesis, forming an amorphous matrix. Framboidal pyrite is a common feature associated with bituminite. This is caused by bacterial reworking of the digestible organic matter.

History
Bituminite was a general term given to rocks which are rich in bitumen. The term was also used informally to describe irregularly shaped macerals until 1975 when the ICCP clearly defined the term.

Applications and Uses
Bituminite is the main source for low-temperature coal tar, which is used in industry, medicine and for for construction. The value of bituminite increases with grade. At high grade, i.e high maturity, bituminite has high hydrogen to carbon content. A high hydrogen/carbon ratio bituminite indicates good hydrocarbon source.

[1] Pickel, W., Kus, J., Kalaitzidis, S., Christanis, K., Cardott, B. J., Misz-Kennan, M., Rodrigues, S., Hentschel, A., Hamor-Vido, M., Crosdale, P., Wagner, N., ICCP. (2017). "Classification of liptinite - ICCP System 1994". International Journal of Coal Geology. 169: 40-61

[3] Taylor, G. H., Liu, S. Y., Teichmüller, M., (1990). "Bituminite - A TEM veiw". International Journal of Coal Geology. 18: 71-85