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= Twenty-Five Years with the Insane =

Twenty-Five Years with the Insane is a book published in 1885 by Daniel Putnam (1824-1906). The book is based on Putnam's experiences as a clergyman working at the Michigan Asylum for the Insane.

Context
During the 19th century, moral treatment become popular as an approach to mental illness. It built on the idea that people with mental illness should be treated humanely and that they can be cured. This idea seems to have influenced Putnam as he places his religious services within this treatment. In the 1850s and 1860s many new asylums were built across the United States according to the Kirkbride design, which the Michigan Asylum also followed.

The Michigan Asylum for the Insane opened in August 1859 and Putnam started working there later that year. He gave religious services and counsel to the patients. Putnam also taught at Kalamazoo college and in 1868 took the position of professor of pedagogy at the Michigan State Normal college. He names his background in pedagogy as an influence on his book and views on mental illness. Putnam states that he gained a lot of knowledge during his time at the asylum and that he wrote the book To make this knowledge accessible to the public.

Contents
Putnam first describes his position at the asylum, emphasizing that he is not a medical expert. Following this, the books is divided into two parts. In the first part of the book, Putnam describes the development of care for the mentally ill. Starting from descriptions in the Bible, such as that of King Saul, and by the Ancient Greeks, he traces the history of the treatment of the mentally ill up to the establishment of asylums in the 19th century.

In the second part of the book, Putnam disusses several causes of mental illness and how this knowledge could be used for prevention. These include alcohol and other drugs, hereditary predispositions, and the role of the education system. The last chapter consists of short remarks regarding the development of asylums at the time, such as the increasing number of patients. In this part he also takes a biological standpoint towards the development of mental illness, describing it as resulting from physical disease.

Throughout the book, Putnam argues for empathy towards people with mental illness. The book also includes stories about and letters by patients to illustrate his arguments.

Reception
Putnam wrote several books following Twenty-Five Years with the Insane, focusing on psychology and teaching. His books include textbooks for students in high school and college level as well as a history of the collge he worked at. He published a textbook of psychology for students and interested readers in 1889, in which he focused mainly on the development of thought and emotion in children. Out of several books, Twenty-Five Years with the Insane was mentioned in Putnam’s obituary.

The principles of moral treatment, which Putnam praises in this book, have become widely accepted and continued to influence treatment. Specifically, the idea of useful occupation being helpful to patients is applied in occupational therapy.

At the time of writing it became apparent that an incresing number of people were committed to asylums. Putnam comments on this apparent increase in mental illness, stating that it reflects an increase in recognition and treatment of mental illness. However, towards the beginning of the 20th century, asylums became overcrowded and non-therapeutic, which led to the deinstitutionalisation movement of the 1950s.