User:MargaretRDonald/sandbox/Korean articles/Sedo politics

(hangeul : 세도정치 ; hanja : 勢道政治)

Sedo politics (勢道政治) is the name given to the form politics whereby the maternal family of the Joseon king governed the country. It was a Joseon dynasty form of politics where the maternal relatives of the king, held power and governed the country.

The collapse of yangban politics and power
Using the Tangpyeong policy, monarchs such as King Yeongjo ( (r. 1724–1776)) and Jeongjo (r.1776-1800) were able to achieve some degree of political stability amidst the ongoing factional politics. However, when King Jeongjo died and Sunjo (r.1800–1834) ascended the throne at the age of 11, his maternal relatives became the effective rulers of Joseon. In particular, Kim Jo-soon, a member of the Andong Kim clan, and Sunjo's father-in law, became national governor.

The era of plenipotentiary power of the Andong Kim Clan, which monopolized power in this way, retreated temporarily with the advent Pungyang Cho Clan. It was because the wife of Ikjong was the daughter of Jo Man-young. In this way, during the reign of King Heonjong, the Cho family took control of the government, and the Cho family held many government posts. However, when King Cheoljong ascended the throne, Sedo returned to the Andong Kim clan because the queen was the daughter of Kim Moon-geun.

Because of this situation, even the king lived under the influence of the Kim family, and opportunities for other forces to participate in politics without using the power of the Andong Kim family became rare. Politics became extremely disordered, Confucian bureaucratic policies collapsed, and power struggles became no longer struggles between factions but struggles between families (Chukjok - 戚族 "family") for control of the state.

As the maternal relatives of the royal family monopolized the government, the Qi family monopolized high-ranking government posts, further disrupting political discipline. As a result, the damage to the farmers increased, and the officials who paid a lot of bribes and obtained government posts squeezed the price from the farmers and only gained their own profits. At that time, the system to expand finances was junjeong (田政), military government (軍政), and hwangok (還穀), collectively referred to as the three governments (三政). The three governments became promiscuous day by day due to the power of taxation and politics. The harmful effects of Samsumi, Daedongmi, Gyeoljak, and Dogyeol were severe in the state government, and various expedients such as Hwanggucheomjeong, Baegoljingpo, Jokjing, and Injing were created in the military government, which harassed the farmers. Hwangok also became a means of exploiting profits through profit, and harassed farmers in various ways such as half-cropping and empty farming.

This disorder of the three branches of government not only burdened the farmers, but also disrupte state finances, and civil riots broke out in many places.

Before Jeongjo
Sedo before Hong Guk- yeong's Sedo politics during the reign of King Jeongjo had an ideological and moral side to correct the Sedo people's mind with a certain guiding ideology and fair press as the subject rather than simple political power. Therefore, in order to handle this kind of work, you had to have a great personality and outstanding learning or morals, so the king gave you a high official position and treated you preferentially.

For example, Jo Gwang-jo during the reign of King Jungjong was appointed to the Daesaheon after passing through Jiseongkyunkwansa, the highest position in education, and Siyeol Song during the reigns of Hyojong and Hyeonjong began to receive trust from the Yejochampan and became the Ijo Panseo. He served as the first official, and later held important positions such as Uuijeong and Left Uijeong, receiving trust and delegation from the rulers.

After Jeongjo
However, by the time of King Jeongjo, rather than mentally assisting the king by insisting on the duty of reigning, it had changed to a form of politics in which the exercise of political power was actually entrusted and exercised authority, and Sedo was often referred to as Sedo. came to be called

Hong Kuk-young's taxo
During the reign of King Jeongjo, Hong Guk- young was appointed as Do Seung-ji and head of the Golden Guard for protecting King Jeong-jo from threats such as Jeong Hoo-gyeom and Hong In-han when he was the crown prince and allowing him to ascend to the throne safely. It has been entrusted with the authority to approve and approve. Therefore, Sedo politics as a commonly used meaning these days begins with Hong Guk-yeong.

After Hong Guk-young, the characteristics of Sedo politics were usually those who had a close relationship with the king as Chuksin (戚臣), who were appointed regardless of the high or low level of government. It is because they have seen the rise of their maternal relatives by participating and causing abuse of power.

Sedo after Hong Kuk-young
Hong Guk-young was exiled in 1780 (4th year of King Jeongjo) because of his injustice and corruption, but when King Jeongjo died and Sunjo ascended the throne at the age of 11, Queen Jeongsun, the queen consort of King Yeongjo, centered on the Gyeongju Kim clan through Suryeomcheongjeong. The reign of the emperor also started politics. After the conquest of convergence, Kim Jo -soon took power at the behest of King Jeongjo and purged the power of the Gyeongju Kim clan. His clan monopolized all the key positions in the. After that, Jo Man -yeong 's daughter ( Queen Sinjeong ) entered as Ikjong 's consort.

During the reign of King Heonjong, a clandestine struggle broke out between the Andong Kim clan , the mother of Andong Kim , and the Pungyang Jo clan, the mother's family, over the loss of power from the grandmother, Empress Sunwon Kim.

After King Cheoljong ascended the throne, the Andong Kim clan took control of the throne again because his wife, Queen Cheorin, was the daughter of Kim Moon-geun. Even if they were members of the royal family, they had to live under the pressure of the Kim family. For example, Lee Ha-jeon, a member of the royal family, fought and defeated Kim's children at the exam hall in the past, and was later killed. As a result, all sorts of scams were prevalent, and political discipline was disrupted, and people's livelihoods fell into disarray.

When Gojong ascended the throne, Heungseon Daewongun took power and broke the power of the Andong Kim Clan, establishing a once dictatorial Sedo politics, and it seemed that the evils of the Sedo politics that the maternal relatives were rising were eliminated. The Yeoheung Min clan's maternal kinship politics continued as it was. Even after the assassination of Empress Myeongseong Min in 1895 (the 32nd year of King Gojong), the Yeoheung Min clan, who occupied key positions in the country , exceeded 1,000.

Poongsan Hong Clan
Hong Joo-Won (洪柱元) became Seonjo's sire, Hong Ju-Won's son Hong Man-Yong (洪萬容) served as a court official during King Sukjong's reign, and Hong Man-Yong's grandson Hong Hyeon-Bo (洪鉉輔) also served as Yejo's son during Yeongjo's reign. served as a judge Hong Hyeon-bo's son Hong Bong -han (洪鳳漢), the father of Crown Prince Sado's consort, Hyegyeonggung Hong , rose to the yeonguijeong during the reign of King Yeongjo, Hong Bong-han's younger brother Hong In -han (洪麟漢) to the left chair, and Hong Bong -han's fifth cousin, Hong Nak -seong (洪樂性). He ascended to Yeonguijeong during the reign of King Jeongjo. Hong Guk- young (洪國榮), the 6th generation descendant of Hong Joo-won, seized power through sedo politics during the reign of King Jeongjo.

Shin Andong Kim Clan (Jangdong Kim Clan)
The Shin Andong Kim Clan was the maternal cousin of King Sunjo, Heonjong, and Cheoljong in the late Joseon Dynasty, who monopolized important positions in the court and conducted Sedo politics. When Sunjo ascended the throne at the age of 11, Kim Jo-soon took over the government as a maternal relative, taking his daughter as queen, and many Andong Kim clan members sat in important positions. took over and at one point lost power.

When Cheoljong ascended the throne and Kim Mun- geun's daughter became queen, the Kim family seized power again, and Kim Jwa- geun, Kim Jae -geun, Kim Su-geun, Kim Byeong -ik, and Kim Byung-guk were in charge of state affairs. By becoming a central figure, the power of the Kim family reached its peak, but with the appearance of Heungseon Daewongun, the power of the Kim family fell.

Pungyang Zhao Clan
The Pungyang Jo Clan took power as a maternal relatives of the king during the reign of King Heonjong in the late Joseon Dynasty and conducted taxation politics.

In 1827 (the 27th year of King Sunjo's reign), when the crown prince became the representative of politics due to his father's recuperation, the Cho family took Jo Man-yeong's daughter as his wife and the Jo family fought for power with the Kim family and seized power for a while. Sedo collapsed due to enmity, and with the accession of King Cheoljong, power was lost to the Andong Kim clan.

Bannam Park Clan
Sunjo's mother, Subin Park, was the half daughter of the Park family, because of this, her father, Park Jun- won, rose to the position of Panuigeumbusa through Eoyeongdaejang during the time when Queen Jeongsun, Queen Jeongsun's wife, was convergent and clean after the death of King Jeongjo. Park Jong-gyeong and Park Jong-bo, members of the Subin Park family, also made their name as Sedo families during the reign of King Sunjo. Park Jong-kyung resigns due to the appeal of Jo Deuk-yeong, a Pungyang Cho clan. In addition to this, there are Park Ki-soo, Park Hoesu, and Park Yun-soo. The Bannam Park clan took power during the reign of King Sunjo and the beginning of King Heonjong, but fell into disrepair when key figures disappeared during the reign of King Cheoljong.

Yeoheung Min
Yeoheung Min (驪興 閔氏), as the daughter of Min Yu-jung (閔維重) became Queen Inhyeon (仁顯王后), the queen of King Sukjong, and Min Yu-jung was entrusted to Yeoyang Buwon-gun (驪陽府院君). Queen Inhyeon 's older brother Min Jeong-jung (閔鼎重) ) rose to the left chair, and Min Jeong-jung 's son, Min Jin-jang (閔鎭長), rose to the right chair. Queen Inhyeon 's older brother, Min Jin-hu (閔鎭厚), was promoted to Jwachamchan (左參贊), and Min Jin-Hu 's younger brother, Min Jin-Won (閔鎭遠), was the leader of the Noron during the reign of Yeongjo and reached the Jwauijeong. When the daughter of Min Chi-rok (閔致祿), the great-great-granddaughter of Queen Min Jin-hu, became Empress Myeongseong (明成皇后), the concubine of King Gojong, the Yeoheung Min clan's power politics began. The daughter of Yeoeunbuwongun Min Tae-ho became Sunjong's wife, Empress Sunmyeonghyo (純明孝皇后).

Daegu Seo Clan [大丘徐氏]
Daegu Seo from Noron is one of the Sedo families. (Bibyeonsa Dangsangjik distribution map - Daegu Seo, 19 people)

Shin Andong Kim Clan - 37, Daegu Seo Clan - 19, Pungyang Jo Clan - 17, Yeonan Lee Clan - 17, Bannam Park Clan - 12, Pungsan Hong Clan - 12

Sedo politics refers to politics in which power was concentrated in a few families centered on Noron centered on the king and maternal relatives for about 60 years from three generations from Sunjong to Heonjong and Cheoljong. ), Pungyang Cho (Cho Man-young), Bannam Park, Daegu Seo, and Yeonan Lee.”

“Six generations, including the Andong Kim Clan, the Pungyang Jo Clan, the Daegu Seo Clan, the Yeonan Lee Clan, the Pungsan Hong Clan, and the Bannam Park Clan, monopolize the Bibyeonsa manufacturing business, and have the right to appoint officials and military powers to the central and local government officials as well as the selection of concubines. It became the highest government agency in charge. As it became customary for the king not to reject requests from Bibyunsa, the royal authority was greatly weakened.”

“The representative clans of Sedojeonggi include the Andong Kim clan, the Daegu Seo clan, the Pungyang Jo clan, the Yeonan Lee clan, the Pungsan Hong clan, and the Bannam Park clan. The eumgwan from these seonggwan had a high family concentration due to the background of a specific family.”