User:Mariaemartinez5/sandbox

Living a healthy and fit lifestyle is an important thing. Kalinga Project -long time archeological project that started in 1973 and still going -had small sedimentary villages with around 250-600 people -where considered a "tribal" society -during 1960s pottery was mainly utilized for household purposes by women instead of trade products "kalinga" means enemy and was coined by Ibanag speakers -mountain people of Kalinga were referred to as "Ygorrotes" and lived in land well known for rich gold mines -the earliest external contact that Ygorrotes had was in 1591 with a Spanish encomienda or land grant survey. -the Spanish missionaries officially planted their mark in Kalinga in 1689 at the Tuga catholic church in what is now the Tabuk municipality -Based on the Philippine government, Kalingans are regarded as a cultural minority -they are not peasants like their neighbors instead they live their lives in the boundaries of the state

Kalinga environment

The Kalinga region consists of a cool and temperate climate. The Cordilleras has two distinct ways in which rain falls throughout the year depending on the area. In the eastern parts of the range, the land is dry from November to April and receives rain the rest of the year. In the eastern regions there is also another category in which there is no official seasons for rain to fall.

Species The region contains a high amount of endemic species with Luzon containing 26 native species and the mountains of the Cordillera containing about 17 native species. Most of the native reptiles and amphibians of the Kalinga region are strictly found in forest areas, while the rest can be found in other habitats. In human modified areas like agricultural lands and developed regions, there is only a selective amount of species that could be found living there. In Kalinga the amount of fauna is correlated to temperature and elevation. The forests are warmer and drier at lower elevation.

The Kalinga region consists of a cool and temperate climate. The Cordilleras has two distinct ways in which rain falls throughout the year depending on the area. In the eastern parts of the range, the land is dry from November to April and receives rain the rest of the year. In the eastern regions there is also another category in which there is no official seasons for rain to fall.

Kalinga people were colonizers of areas past India and the Indian archipelago when the Bay of Bengal was known as the “Kalinga Sea,” and all the islands part of the Kalinga Sea were referred to as “Kaling Dresu.” The people of Kalinga had colonized places in Burma, Siam and Suvarnadvipa, with all these colonies composing the Brihat Kalinga. The eastern part of Kalinga Sagar that ran from the river Godavari to Suvarnarekha was referred to as Prachya Kalinga. Kalinga was an area that traded with many nearby places which included trading diamonds, precoius stones and spices to the Roman Empire, elephants to Ceylon and ivory, precious stones, nuts and textiles to China.

Many types of cultivation are present in the Kalinga region including rice cultivation, shifting cultivation and arboriculture. With having rice growth as the most important, the locals revolve their activities around expanding and maintaining the rice fields and this has allowed them to proliferate the fields to great lengths. In order to achieve this lucrative rice fields, they are basic tools to be needed and those include: a “bannlta” (a solid big wooden stick that could contain a pointed or round tip), a “qakgay” (a tool similar to a shivel), a “siluwon” (similar to a crowbar), a “bannuk” ( a basket that is both used to sieve and carry soil), “pasok” (wooden blocks diverse in length), a “salsal" ( tool resembling a pestle), and a “maso” (tool similar to a hammer). All of these materials are with wood by locals.

The region consists of a cool and temperate climate -The Cordilleras has two distinct ways rain falls throughout the year depending on the area. In the eastern parts of the range the land is dry from November to April and receives rain the rest of the year. In the eastern regions there is also another category in which there is no official seasons for rain to fall. Water is a major component of the Kalinga Provence and it could be found scattered throughout streams and springs as well as drainage systems. Kalinga experiences oscillations in its yearly rainfall, but as long as the land receives sufficient rain, the rice fields are not heavily affected. During the hot and dry environments is when water becomes most limited, sometimes leaving the irrigation channels for rice plantations empty in which case farmers obtain their water from streams and springs. Every rice field is unique in its size and shape. The maintainment of rice plantations requires strenuous labor and the gathering of water from many sources in which cases the closer plantains are to a water sources the more convenient it is for workers. The Kalinga regions has two general categories of rice, the qōyak and the qūnoy, in which the qūnoy only flourishes in the dry season.

The preparation of rice fields also requires various tools, all of which are locally produced. The tools include: a “kalayud” (a sled type that transports mud around), a “dagl” (a basket used to carry rice seeds to the fields), “danog” (thin strings of bamboo to package the rice) and the “oarjga-kit” (racks of bamboo to place the packaged rice before storing it). In some parts of present day Kalinga such Butbut, clearing for cultivation is done by swindling, in which they also cultivate sweet potatoes and Mongo beans.

The region contains a high amount of endemic species with Luzon containing 26 native species and the mountains of the Cordillera containing about 17 native species. Most of the native reptiles and amphibians of the Kalinga region are strictly found in forest areas, while the rest can be found in other habitats. In human modified areas like agricultural lands and developed regions, there is only a selective amount of species that could be found living there. In Kalinga the domestication of animals is vastly important to help with cultivation and everyday life. Animals that are kept in Kalinga for domestication include cows, sheep, water buffalo, pigs, dogs, donkeys, and goats however, no dairy products are withdrawn from any. In Uma there is limited fishing that is done, leaving domestic animals as the main source of protein for the people. However, the residents do not consume domestic animals in a casual manner, all the animal slaughters are public events to honor major life cycles such as birth, death, marriage and illness.

There has been iron axes excavated, and remnants of wood in Sisupalgarh indicate no dramatic climatic changes during the last two thousand years.

The distinct habitats enable the production of unique stylistic artifacts. Variation of artifacts found in Kalinga also help archeologist determine the paths of interactions that were made among the people. Artifacts in Kalinga are vital to archeologists because they uncover vast amounts of information regarding the region. Artifacts reveal knowledge on the wealth, religion and political beliefs of the region. The changes in ceramics found in Dalupa helps with the understanding of ecological and environmental changes. The study of artifacts also demonstrate how different cultures emerged and seperated.

The Kalinga archeological project focuses on the southern part of the Kalinga province including the Pasil River valley. The Pasil region is composed of 13 communities that are independent of each other, each containing anywhere from 30 to over 100 households including Dalupa, Dangtalan, and Guina-ang. A significant event that led to changes in the Pasil River valley was the controversy that was developed due to the Chico River dam which initiated in the 1970s. Dams were to be created in the Kalinga region in order to generate electricity for the urban areas, which did not house native Kalinga’s. This project would  force movement of the Kalingas, which elicited resistance from the people leading to military involvement. Kalinga has undergone construction such as, buildings, motor vehicles and mote vehicles that unite the older more primitive Kalinga villages. Increased developments has made it easier to transport goods to various places.

Kalinga is a region with resources wanted to be exploited by other places, like the mines of gold present. The mining of gold in the region would in turn destroy riverine resources that are important for the region. Kalinga is also getting stripped of its magnificent tropical forests and the vast animal and plant diversity present. The Philippine government has allowed the cutting of trees for lumber having a trickle effect on the native Kalingas. The clearing of land results in less land for Swidden agriculture, mainly with rice cultivation and also forces the natives to modify the materials utilized in the production of artifacts and tools like ceramics. Trees are one of the main ingredients to create pots and other pottery designs. Longacre discovered that many of the water pots in Dangtalan had their exteriors polished with lebu, which is a resin from the almaciga tree. People were able to obtain resin supplies from the migratory traders that lived in areas with almaciga tree and then traveled to places like Dalupa and Dagnlatan to deliver resin supplies. However, the supply of resin for the Dulapa potters has began to dwindle due to governmental changes. One of the main resin deposits is located near the Batong Buhay gold mine that had been reopened for mining in the 1970s depriving Dalupa potters from resin because the traders were able to obtain a new form of income. The gold mine has also endangered local resin harvesters due to an increase in highway robberies. Another major resin reservoir is found in the areas owned by big logging companies like the Cellophil Resources Corporation. Their logging has caused major deforestation in the Kalinga region leaving no trees in which to create resin. Kalinga potters are not only loosing forests that allows the manufacture of resin, but are also banned from the remaining forest areas by have fines placed up by the Cellophil corporation. With the newly found rarity for resin, potters need to investigate new materials they could use to polish the exterior of their creations.

The region consists of a cool and temperate climate. The Cordilleras has two distinct ways rain falls throughout the year depending on the area. In the eastern parts of the range the land is dry from November to April and receives rain the rest of the year. In the eastern regions there is also another category in which there is no official seasons for rain to fall. Water is a major component of the Kalinga Provence and it could be found scattered throughout streams and springs as well as drainage systems. Kalinga experiences oscillations in its yearly rainfall, but as long as the land receives sufficient rain, the rice fields are not heavily affected. There has been iron axes excavated, and remnants of wood in Sisupalgarh indicate no dramatic climatic changes during the last two thousand years. During the hot and dry environments is when water becomes most limited, sometimes leaving the irrigation channels for rice plantations empty in which case farmers obtain their water from streams and springs. Every rice field is unique in its size and shape. The maintainment of rice plantations requires strenuous labor and the gathering of water from many sources in which cases the closer plantains are to a water sources the more convenient it is for workers. The Kalinga regions has two general categories of rice, the qōyak and the qūnoy, in which the qūnoy only flourishes in the dry season.

The region contains a high amount of endemic species with Luzon containing 26 native species and the mountains of the Cordillera containing about 17 native species. In Kalinga the domestication of animals is vastly important to help with cultivation and everyday life. Animals that are kept in Kalinga for domestication include cows, sheep, water buffalo, pigs, dogs, donkeys, and goats however, no dairy products are withdrawn from any. In Uma there is limited fishing that is done, leaving domestic animals as the main source of protein for the people. However, the residents do not consume domestic animals in a casual manner, all the animal slaughters are public events to honor major life cycles such as birth, death, marriage and illness.

The distinct habitats enable the production of unique stylistic artifacts. Variation of artifacts found in Kalinga also help archeologist determine the paths of interactions that were made among the people. Artifacts in Kalinga are vital to archeologists because they uncover vast amounts of information regarding the region. Artifacts reveal knowledge on the wealth, religion and political beliefs of the region. The changes in ceramics found in Dalupa helps with the understanding of ecological and environmental changes. The study of artifacts also demonstrate how different cultures emerged and separated.

The Kalinga archeological project focuses on the southern part of the Kalinga province including the Pasil River valley. The Pasil region is composed of 13 communities that are independent of each other, each containing anywhere from 30 to over 100 households including Dalupa, Dangtalan, and Guina-ang. Out of the 13 settlements in the Pasil River valley only Dalupa and Dangtalan were regularly producing pottery by the 1980s. The community of Dalupa is found in the mountains of Northern Luzon. Dalupa has resisted 300 years of colonization resulting in the indigenous Kalingas becoming isolated from the modern world.

The production and distribution of ceramic in Kalinga has been influenced by the Kalinga Ethnoarchaeological project. Ceramic Sociology is the study that aims to recreate “social organization” and gain knowledge on how the people interacted. Kalinga made for an appropriate study since they were considered a “tribal” socially made up of stationary agriculturalists which utilized pottery on a daily basis. Many of the pots found in Danglatan were not actually made from residents mainly because in Kalinga barter and gift-giving were utilized as the major form of distribution. The increase of ceramic production in Dalupa is coupled with a wider expansion of pottery, allowing potters to trade their products past the boundaries of the Pasil Valley. When trading past the boundaries, potters enter areas with new social and ethnic practices and some areas that still do not have producer-consumer kinship ties. “ Balanced exchange” negotiations are enacted and earthward pots are one of the artifacts that are bargained. In a traditional Kalinga pottery business deal pounded rice is the method of payment and the amount of uncooked rice contained by each pot dictates its worth. However, there is limited knowledge on the size and methods on which ceramic is distributed in places that do not utilize market contexts to exchange.

A significant event that led to changes in the Pasil River valley was the controversy that was developed due to the Chico River dam which initiated in the 1970s. Dams were to be created in the Kalinga region in order to generate electricity for the urban areas, which did not house native Kalinga’s. This project would  force movement of the Kalingas, which elicited resistance from the people leading to military involvement. Kalinga has undergone construction such as, buildings, motor vehicles and mote vehicles that unite the older more primitive Kalinga villages. Increased developments has made it easier to transport goods to various places.

Kalinga is a region with resources wanted to be exploited by other places, like the mines of gold present and logging. Longacre discovered that many of the water pots in Dangtalan had their exteriors polished with lebu, which is a resin from the almaciga tree. People were able to obtain resin supplies from the migratory traders that lived in areas with almaciga tree and then traveled to places like Dalupa and Dagnlatan to deliver resin supplies. However, the supply of resin for the Dulapa potters has began to dwindle due to governmental changes. One of the main resin deposits is located near the Batong Buhay gold mine that had been reopened for mining in the 1970s depriving Dalupa potters from resin because the traders were able to obtain a new form of income. The gold mine has also endangered local resin harvesters due to an increase in highway robberies. The mining of gold in the region would in turn destroy riverine resources that are important for the region.

Kalinga is also getting stripped of its magnificent tropical forests and the vast animal and plant diversity present. The Philippine government has allowed the cutting of trees for lumber having a trickle effect on the native Kalingas. The clearing of land results in less land for Swidden agriculture, mainly with rice cultivation and also forces the natives to modify the materials utilized in the production of artifacts and tools like ceramics.Trees are one of the main ingredients to create pots and other pottery designs. Another major resin reservoir is found in the areas owned by big logging companies like the Cellophil Resources Corporation. Their logging has caused major deforestation in the Kalinga region leaving no trees in which to create resin. Kalinga potters are not only loosing forests that allows the manufacture of resin, but are also banned from the remaining forest areas by have fines placed up by the Cellophil corporation. With the newly found rarity for resin, potters need to investigate new materials they could use to polish the exterior of their creations.

Although the mining and logging industries have allowed the introduction of non Kalinga goods into the region since the 1930s, they have still managed to keep a low influx of Filipino populations. The economy in Kalinga is heavily influenced by intensive rice cultivation and the barter system. The Kalinga economy also has a foundation of specialization with different people specializing in different jobs. The Pasil settlements are all composed of bilateral kin groups following the trend of matrilocal communities and endogamy. Within the Kalinga region they are “politically significant units” which are regions that are made up of many communities that act as a unit which have peace pacts with other units.