User:Mariammo/sandbox

Week 15 Assignment
2. Drawing on information in Alexander's ch. 9 (spatial planning for conflict prevention), IN YOUR SANDBOX, please draft a new paragraph with the heading "Marine spatial planning in Indonesia." In a few sentences describe the ocean zoning example from the marine national park in the Savu Sea, Indonesia that Alexander describes on pp. 127-128, incorporating appropriate references. Bonus points if you incorporate an appropriate map, photo or other illustration that is in the Wikimedia Commons.

Marine spatial planning Indonesia
The Savu Sea in Indonesia was analyzed into a Marxan analysis to develop four types of zoning: a core zone, restricted to research zone, and an "others zone." These zone could be further divided into areas for tourism, traditional use, and cetaceans. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) was involved with the design as well as the implementation of the MSP in the Savu Sea. A team formed by the TNC, P4KKP (Team for Assessment, Establishment and Management of Savu Sea National Marine Park) was assigned in preparing and establishing the marine park. Though met with many debates, negotiations, and joint learnings within problem-solving networks, the Savu Sea MSP is an ongoing process.

==== 3. Find information on the web site of the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council (CRMC) on how the Rhode Island Ocean-SAMP helped prevent or minimize conflict between Rhode Island-based commercial fisheries and the Vineyard Wind wind turbine development that was just recently approved by the Department of Interior's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). Add a paragraph to the article in your sandbox describing this conflict-minimizing process (hint: it's was under something called the "federal consistency provision" of the U.S. Coastal Zone Management Act.) ==== The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) established voluntary coastal zone enhancement grants program that encourages State and Territory Coastal Management Programs to develop changes in enhancements areas including aquaculture and energy and government facility siting. The CZMA minimized conflict between the two industries by sectioning areas that deemed fair and appropriate for the two industries to coexist.

Deep Sea Mining Notes
Environmental Impacts

Mining techniques
 * scientists and stakeholders are responsible for advice and reports on impacts on biological systems, ecosystem resilience, ecosystem changes, and time required for fauna to return to original (or similar to original) state before mining activities. (jones et al)
 * metal concentrations were found in sediments that contribute to turbidity of the water column
 * Studies show that metal accumulation in mussels resulted from sediment plumes with higher concentrations when exposed to the plume than those deployed on the mine tailing deposit
 * results show that mine tailing deposits and resuspension plume sites had the worst environmental condition compared to the site off the mine tailing deposit
 * observed high levels of metal concentrations in suspended particles for several hours even after each trawling event
 * possibility of significant ecotoxicological impact on marine fauna in the short term

There are 5 approaches to mining techniques that include: 1) the continuous line bucket, 2) the autonomous shuttle, 3) wireline basket dredging, 4) containers in a pipe and 5) hydraulic dredging. Of the five, continuous-line bucket system (CLB), wireline basket dredging, and hydraulic dredging have been practiced (jones et al) The CLB system is the preferred method of nodule collection. It operates much like a conveyor-belt, running from the sea floor to the surface of the ocean where a ship or mining platform extracts the desired minerals, and returns the tailings to the ocean. Hydraulic suction mining lowers a pipe to the seafloor which transfers nodules up to the mining ship. Another pipe from the ship to the seafloor returns the tailings to the area of the mining site.

(insert as third paragraph in environmental impact section)

Additional environmental impacts include noise and light pollution from operative equipment. These have effect on marine animals, workers, and nearby island communities (residents of Papua New Guinea in the case of the Solwara 1 Project).

These environmental impacts can have biological, geological, and chemical repercussions on the faunal communities of each site of interest (Jones et al.).

Minerals and resources related to environment

(nodules are abundant in abyssal areas with oxygenated bottom waters, low sedimentation rates, and where sources of abundant nuclei occur.) Fe-Mn Nodules range from 1 to 12 cm long.


 * nodules widely range in size from 1-20 cm in diameter (Simon-Lledo et al)

iron-manganese nodules grow by accumulation of Mn and Fe oxides around a nucleus. The metals are acquired from seawater(source of cobalt) and pore fluid (source of nickel and copper). Pore fluid metals are derived from early diagenetic redox reactions in upper sediment layers and are incorporated into the Mn-oxide minerals forming in that environment.

Marine and Coastal Conflict
The theory of marine and coastal conflict is comprised of several components that include: a changing social-ecological environment, increased competition, marine and coastal goods and services, political and social factors shaping resource use, and conflict. These components are triggered by a sudden change in factors such as increased population, need for security of supplies, economic imperative for growth, historical institutional failure in managing the ocean and coastal environment, and a changing marine environment (Alexander, 2021). These conflicts arise from an underlying competition between two groups and can result in either intended or unintended side effects. This competition may be exacerbated in the belief that one can compete for what they believe is an open resource is being restricted by another person/group or in the event that one feels the regulation/management of natural resources is unfair. This can lead to the belief that one is being threatened by the “opposing” individual or groups.

The theory of marine and coastal conflict can further be described in two arguments. The first explains how a change in social-ecological environmental leads to increased competition for ocean and coastal goods and services. The second was that political and social factors with shape resource use and which may tip competition become linked with other factors (Alexander, 2021). In this way, this is how all the components create one umbrella conflict.

The Seadrift documentary recognized each of these components in the environment of Seadrift, Texas following the Vietnam War. The two arguments of marine and coastal conflict are evident in the immigration of Vietnamese refugees and the return of US soldiers. As Vietnamese refugees tried to integrate themselves into the fishing community in Seadrift, tensions of the war overcame the minds of those in the community already (Brown, 1979). This change of introduced members of the community created a competition in the fishing industry that extended beyond the components of Alexander’s (2021) theory. On top of the applied marine and coastal conflict theory components, the Vietnamese refugees faced racial bias against them following the Vietnam War (Seadrift, 2020). The murder of a local fisherman by two Vietnamese fishermen sparked a string of violent attacks against Vietnamese fishing property and equipment (Brown, 1979). This fear from both sides of the community served as unintended consequences of the initial conflict.

Midterm Question 2
>Canadians favored the closure of the summer season to all fishers so that the lobster population had the opportunity to spawn and reproduce; Americans favored maximum catch limitations (Cook 2004).

>This lack of cooperation from both nations perpetuated conflict that led to stock depletion.

>The DFO had issued an updated sustainability development strategy to involve a commitment to knowledge and technology for sustainable development between 2001-2003. The two goals were to better understand the nature and use of marine and freshwater resources and ecosystems to support decision-making and to effectively apply that knowledge and new technology to support the safe and sustainable use of marine and freshwater resources (Cook, 2004).

>This tied hand in hand with the unfair treatment of fishermen that were trying to fish in the gray zone- an area that was deemed “undisputed land.” The reliance on lobster fishing from both the Canadian and American sides quickly became competitive for lobster (Lobster Wars, 2020, Alexander, 2021).

Midterm Question 3
(in Laulima dropbox)

Bibliography for Midterm
Alexander, K. A. (2021). Conflicts Over Marine and Coastal Common Resources. Taylor & Francis.

Brown, Warren. "Fishermen's Feud Now Town's War." The Washington Post, Newspaper. 11 August 1979.

Cook, Beverly (2005-09-01). "Lobster boat diplomacy: the Canada–US grey zone". Marine Policy. 29 (5): 385–390. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2004.05.010. ISSN 0308-597X.

Keating, Joshua. "An island dispute of our own." Passport, Article. 28 Nov. 2012.

Lobster War: The Fight Over The World’s Richest Fishing Grounds. (2020, June 5). [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfnrNxg4rho