User:Marin0429/sandbox

= Integrated Community Energy and Harvesting Systems (ICE-Harvest) = ICE-Harvest Systems consisted of integration and control of i) multiple Distributed Energy Resources DERs at the community level connecting buildings through a micro-thermal distribution network, ii) energy harvesting, iii) controllable loads, and iv) bi-directional electric vehicle (EV) management, with the objective of minimizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. DERs are grid-connected or distribution system-connected devices of a Distributed generation.



= Background= The building sector is one of the largest energy consumers and greenhouse gas producers all over the world. . Buildings account for about 40% of the global energy consumption and contribute over 30% of the CO2 emissions. . For instance, In 2016, 1885 PJ of energy used for thermal comfort (heating and cooling) and domestic hot water purposes by Canadians which produced 82 Mt of CO2 equivalent (CO2e), making it the third largest source of emissions after oil and gas production, and transportation. .

Waste heat recovery
The waste heat produced by gas generators on the electrical grid and waste heat from cooling processes can be used to provide heating to a cluster of buildings. In this contest, there are two main projects in Europe applying the waste heat in District heating systems namely, FLEXYNETS project and Life4HeatRecovery project.

FLEXYNETS project
The project is part of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, and it is coordinated by EURAC research. The project is currently working with three early adopter projects located in Heilbronn (Germany), Høje Taastrup (Denmark), and Trento (Italy).

Life4HeatRecovery project
This project started in 2018 in three cities across Europe. The project has four main objectives. Firstly, to demonstrate the opportunity for waste heat recovery from urban sources such as air conditioners and industrial processes. Second, to demonstrate management strategies for DH networks that prioritize the harvesting of waste energy sources and interact with the electricity grid to benefit both the utility owners and customers. Third, to demonstrate energy trading schemes wherein customers act as both producers and consumers of energy. Finally, to develop the financial schemes that produce a replicable and reliable business case in various investment markets.

Sustainable communities
= Definition= The ICE-Harvest system is a modified 5th Generation District Heating and Cooling (5GDHC) system. An ICE-Harvest system is a district heating system that incorporates heat pumps to couple the thermal and electrical energy demands of buildings. The ICE-Harvest system uses heat pumps to supply both heating and cooling from a one pipe thermal distribution network. The ICE-Harvest system has unidirectional mass flow in a ring arrangement with branches at each building. Bidirectional energy flow between the network and buildings is permitted, meaning that heat rejection from cooling processes can be recovered in the network to reduce the total system heating load. This concept is referred to as energy sharing.

Thermal energy storage
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