User:MarioGom/sandbox/Bosnian mujahideen

Bosnian mujahideen (Bosanski mudžahedini), also called El Mudžahid (from مجاهد, mujāhid), were foreign Muslim volunteers who fought on the Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) side during the 1992–95 Bosnian War. These first arrived in central Bosnia in the second half of 1992 with the aim of fighting for Islam (as mujahideen), helping their Bosnian Muslim co-religionists to defend themselves from the Serb and Croat forces. Mostly they came from North Africa, the Near East and the Middle East. Estimates of their numbers vary from 500–6,000.

Background
In the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared independence, leading to the Ten-Day War in Slovenia and the Croatian War of Independence. Meanwhile, the 1992 Bosnian independence referendum led to a new Muslim-led government. In April, Bosnian Serbs rebelled against the new government.

Abu Abdel Aziz, at that time leading mujahideen forces in the Afghan Civil War, travelled to Bosnia and Herzegovina to check if Arab-Afghan mujahideen could be established in the region. He concluded that "All Muslims should participate, either by contributing money, caring for orphans and widows, taking in refugees or fighting in the jihad." Abdel Aziz was self-proclaimed Emir of all Arab-Afghan fighters in Bosnia and established the first mujahideen training camp at Mehurići, near the city of Travnik in Central Bosnia.

TODO: Jamal al-Fadl, Enaam Arnaout (Benevolence International Foundation, Abu Zubayr al-Madani

TODO: Anwar Shaaban

TODO: Abdelkader Mokhtari

https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/92320

Size
Estimates of the mujahideen forces size vary from 500 to 6,000. In 2003, Charles R. Shrader reported that HVO general Tihomir Blaškić had estimated 3,000 to 4,000, but the actual figure would probably be closer to 2,000, based on testimonies given in the ICTY trial against Dario Kordić and Mario Čerkez. In 2004, Evan Kohlmann stated that "the deployment of Arab fighters in Bosnia who were generally loyal to the jihadi leadership in Afghanistan exploded in the mid-1990s into numbers sometimes estimated even to exceed 5,000". Stephen Schwartz stated that "up to 6,000 “Arab Afghan” volunteers arrived in the country and enlisted in combat." In 2011, Thomas Hegghammer estimated the number of foreign Muslim fighters in Bosnia to be 1,000–2,000. In 2013, the International Crisis Group estimated that "between 2,000 and 5,000 fought in BiH." In 2017, a Center for Strategic and International Studies report stated that "figures range from 500–5,000 with a preponderance of estimates in the 1,000–2,000 range", citing Hegghammer for the later estimate.

After Bosnian War

 * Algerian Six
 * List of Bosnian detainees at Guantanamo Bay

Influence on Bosniak mujahideen abroad

 * Syria


 * https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-bosnia-idUSKBN0O00VJ20150515
 * https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bosnia-islamists-idUSKCN0VZ1Z5
 * https://www.reuters.com/article/us-warcrimes-bosnia-idUSKBN13Y15S

Kohlmann, 2004
Background:
 * Soviet–Afghan War as precursor of jihad in Bosnia.
 * Historical multi-ethnic tensions. (Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Start:
 * 1992 Bosnian independence referendum and Serb rebellion, Bosnian War.
 * "early mujahideen joining Bosnian civil defense"
 * After Government crackdown, some Afghan mujahideen flee to the Balkans.
 * Involvement from Abdel Aziz al-Muqrin
 * "The new Amir quickly established his first headquarters at the Mehurici training camp, near the central-Bosnian town of Travnik"
 * Al Qaeda usage of Bosnia to establish a base against the US.
 * Recruitment:
 * Islamic Cultural Institute

Role of Islamic Charities:

ICG, 2013
Background:
 * Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina (IZ), Mustafa Cerić role

Start:
 * "Muslim foreign fighters were given an official status, when the El Mujahed unit was established as a part of the ABH 3rd Corps in 1993."

Inspiration, spiritual leaders:
 * Nezim ef. Halilović

ICTY accusations

Size of force estimation: "Between 2,000 and 5,000 fought in BiH before the 1995 Dayton peace ac-cord, after which most were expelled under strong U.S. pressure."

Cited works

 * Main bibliography


 * The Rise of Militant Islam : An Insider's View of the Failure to Curb Global Jihad https://www.proquest.com/docview/2397923523/8A33DB6507F466BPQ/15
 * https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2017/IEMed_MedYearbook2017_salafism_bosnia_balkans_Babic.pdf
 * The Rise of Militant Islam : An Insider's View of the Failure to Curb Global Jihad https://www.proquest.com/docview/2397923523/8A33DB6507F466BPQ/15
 * https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2017/IEMed_MedYearbook2017_salafism_bosnia_balkans_Babic.pdf
 * The Rise of Militant Islam : An Insider's View of the Failure to Curb Global Jihad https://www.proquest.com/docview/2397923523/8A33DB6507F466BPQ/15
 * https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2017/IEMed_MedYearbook2017_salafism_bosnia_balkans_Babic.pdf
 * The Rise of Militant Islam : An Insider's View of the Failure to Curb Global Jihad https://www.proquest.com/docview/2397923523/8A33DB6507F466BPQ/15
 * https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2017/IEMed_MedYearbook2017_salafism_bosnia_balkans_Babic.pdf
 * https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2017/IEMed_MedYearbook2017_salafism_bosnia_balkans_Babic.pdf
 * https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2017/IEMed_MedYearbook2017_salafism_bosnia_balkans_Babic.pdf
 * https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2017/IEMed_MedYearbook2017_salafism_bosnia_balkans_Babic.pdf
 * https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2017/IEMed_MedYearbook2017_salafism_bosnia_balkans_Babic.pdf
 * https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2017/IEMed_MedYearbook2017_salafism_bosnia_balkans_Babic.pdf


 * Journals
 * TERRORIST THREATS BY BALKANS RADICAL ISLAMIST TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY https://www.proquest.com/docview/2348509712/8A33DB6507F466BPQ/19
 * Jihad in a World of Sovereigns: Law, Violence, and Islam in the Bosnia Crisis; Darryl Li https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry/article/abs/jihad-in-a-world-of-sovereigns-law-violence-and-islam-in-the-bosnia-crisis/AE17B279722A72F15CFED6894F02FF1A doi: 10.1111/lsi.12152


 * ICTY documents


 * https://www.icty.org/x/cases/delic/cis/en/cis_delic_en.pdf
 * https://www.icty.org/x/cases/delic/cis/en/cis_delic_en.pdf


 * Press


 * 1992 Volunteer fighters from the Middle East and North Africa have converged https://www.proquest.com/docview/218731059/A4EC4B6EBAC141D8PQ/39
 * 1995 Islamic Money Helps Muslims in Bosnia, but Not Enough to Win https://www.csmonitor.com/1995/0126/26013.html
 * 1996 NATO: Islamic warriors have departed Balkans: [FINAL Edition] https://www.proquest.com/docview/306788680/A4EC4B6EBAC141D8PQ/23
 * 2002 Al-Qaeda cells survive in Bosnia despite Nato raids: [USA edition] https://www.proquest.com/docview/248191428/A4EC4B6EBAC141D8PQ/27
 * Suzana Mijatovic (2012): "Gornja Maoca Is Transit Point for Wahhabis Who Go to Jihad"] https://www.proquest.com/docview/963689722/8A33DB6507F466BPQ/3
 * TV Broadcast
 * Suzana Mijatovic (2012): "Gornja Maoca Is Transit Point for Wahhabis Who Go to Jihad"] https://www.proquest.com/docview/963689722/8A33DB6507F466BPQ/3
 * TV Broadcast
 * Suzana Mijatovic (2012): "Gornja Maoca Is Transit Point for Wahhabis Who Go to Jihad"] https://www.proquest.com/docview/963689722/8A33DB6507F466BPQ/3
 * TV Broadcast
 * TV Broadcast
 * TV Broadcast


 * Press (columns or potential due weight issues)
 * Robert Fisk: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/after-the-atrocities-committed-against-muslims-in-bosnia-it-is-no-wonder-today-s-jihadis-have-set-9717384.html
 * https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/wahhabism-forgotten-legacy-bosnian-war-sarah-schlesinger/


 * Just passages




 * Documentaries
 * Sarajevo Ricochet, Part 1: The US Green Light (2009) https://www.proquest.com/docview/1823024834/8A33DB6507F466BPQ/10


 * Interesting primary sources
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20010211112652fw_/http://azzam.com/html/storiesbosnia.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20000621034421/http://www.azzam.com/ (cited by Sageman)
 * https://azzambooknet.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/interview-with-abu-abdel-aziz-sirat-al-mustaqeem.pdf
 * https://www.tamhussein.co.uk/2018/07/the-bosnian-jihad-an-interview-with-abu-abdel-aziz-barbaros/


 * Other sources
 * https://www.descifrandolaguerra.es/la-guerra-de-los-balcanes-iv-bosnia-se-abren-las-puertas-del-infierno/
 * La fábrica de las fronteras. Guerras de secesión yugoslavas 1991-2001, Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 2011
 * The Coming Balkan Caliphate: The Threat of Radical Islam to Europe and the West
 * Nine Lives : My Time As MI6's Top Spy Inside Al-Qaeda; Aimen Dean, Paul Cruickshank, and Tim Lister https://www.proquest.com/docview/2414519494/8A33DB6507F466BPQ/18
 * Bosnia Remade : Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal; Gerard Toal and Carl T. Dahlman https://www.proquest.com/docview/2147642102/A4EC4B6EBAC141D8PQ/21
 * The Universal Enemy : Jihad, Empire, and the Challenge of Solidarity; Darryl Li https://www.proquest.com/docview/2302000642/A4EC4B6EBAC141D8PQ/22
 * Transnational Terrorism, Organized Crime and Peace-Building https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057%2F9780230281479

Possible page move proposal
Still not sure...


 * El Mudžahid is the officially recognized detachment, but does not encompass all mujahideen in Bosnia since 1992 and after the war. It is used by the ICTY (example).
 * In previous discussions
 * Evan Kohlmann (2004) used the term Bosnian mujahideen extensively in his book, but he also used El Mujahid extensively in his later text in 2006.
 * Take with a grain of salt (WP:GOOGLEHITS): but "Bosnian mujahideen" returns 15,200 results in Google, "Mujahideen in Bosnia" returns "26,000" and "El Mudžahid" returns 34,400. Although the later is probably because it is used in pages in multiple languages, not just English.

Related articles

 * Al-Qaeda in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * al-Haramain Foundation
 * Benevolence International Foundation
 * Abu ‘Abdel  al-Aziz  (kunyas  Emir  Barbaros,  Barbarossa,  and  Abdel  Rahman  al-Dosari), sr:Абу_Абдел_Азиз
 * Abdel Aziz al-Muqrin
 * Abdul Latif Saleh

Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq

 * sr:Абу Абдел Азиз
 * Foreign Fighters: Transnational Identity in Civic Conflicts; By David Male https://books.google.com/books?id=bU4NZSf9ETMC (Oxford University Press, apparently consistent with recent reliable sources, possibly more reliable than Evan Kohlmann)
 * Road Warriors : Foreign Fighters in the Armies of Jihad; Daniel Byman (2019) https://www.proquest.com/docview/2218520992/58909EFA709A4E95PQ/1
 * Hatred's Kingdom : How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism; Dore Gold https://www.proquest.com/docview/2188237054/58909EFA709A4E95PQ/2
 * https://www.proquest.com/docview/459659095/58909EFA709A4E95PQ/4
 * The Rise of Militant Islam : An Insider's View of the Failure to Curb Global Jihad; Anthony Tucker-Jones https://www.proquest.com/docview/2397923523/58909EFA709A4E95PQ/18
 * Carl K. Savich http://www.balkanalysis.com/blog/2005/03/16/al-qaeda-on-trial-the-hague-and-bosnian-muslim-war-crimes-part-1/ (Serb nationalist, amateur historian, Serbianna; cited by Tucker and others)


 * https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKN10334304
 * https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/let-financiers-in-focus-after-jundal-arrest/story-QhYleNyw2wgj9YSVasx9lM.html