User:Marissaviqueira/sandboxannotatedbib

Incentives and deterrents for drug-taking behaviour in elite sports: A holistic and developmental approachThe History of Doping and Growth Hormone Abuse in Sport
This article written, by a professor in Endocrinology and Diabetes, was published in the journal of Growth Hormone and IGF Research. Discusses how certain substances have been used over the history of time in sports. Performance-enhancement isn't just a recent development but has been used in events dating back to the ancient Greeks and Romans. Specifically, they used bufotenin and fly-garic, which are illegal stimulates in the United States because of dangers a potential abuse, but were used so competitors could have energy for a longer period of time. When discussing performance-enhancing substances in sports, mentioning the history and development of the usage not just what is currently being tested.

The Case Against Perfect: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering
The use of performance-enhancing substances is a big controversy. In this book, Sandal discusses the usage of enhancement drugs in sports. He gives two views that using enhances is like not accepting who we are and our natural talents. He also discusses that the use of enhancement corrupts athletic competition "as a human activity that honors the cultivation and display of natural talents." In another way, enhancements make a "bionic" human giving them an unfair advantage and making the competition no longer between two humans. Using his book I can should the side against doping in sports.

Doping with Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS): Adverse Effects on Non-reproductive Organs and Functions
This review is a collection of scientific articles and studies, found through PubMed. Adding this source with Sandal, this provides information of irreversible or reversible symptoms of steroids used in sports. More importantly with these side effects, they are reasons that they should not be used or abused which usually happens in sports. She states there is a reason why the WADA provides a prohibited list of drugs, so athletes are protected and not self-inflict health problems from abuse. Health issues become another reason why usage of performance-enhancing substances are looked down upon in sports.

Why We Should Allow Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sport
This review explains that some people have an advantage in sports because of their genetics so some enhancement substance evens the playing field. It also states money inequalities would benefit, drugs shouldn't be banned but capped at a limit, and there would be a reduction of cheating for these reasoning performance enhancement drugs shouldn't have such a bad conntation and should be welcomed. This review offers the other side of the use of performance-enhancement drugs, it shouldn't be banned all together and there could be limits

Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
This scientific article I used to write the "definition" of performance enhancement drugs. However, because it is so hard to define I included that the World Anti-Doping Agency doesn't even have a definition because it would limit drugs that aren't banned or seen as harmful- drugs that can help with certain medical conditions, such as asthma.

Effect of Caffeine on Sport-Specific Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review
This systematic reviews takes about 21 studies that tested the results of caffeine on sport endurance. By using the results of these studies they showed caffeine is a beneficial ergogenic aid for endurance athletes that take it before their workouts. As a systemic review, this is a better source that does statistical analysis on a group of research about the same thing. Caffeine is a performance-enhancement drugs, and although it is something people consume every day, at certain levels it is not allowed in sports. This systemic review shows the benefits of these substances and why people might use them.

Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes: A constant threat
This study reviews the effects of anabolic steroids, one of the most common for performance enhancement. Certain drugs have benefits but over long periods of use drugs have certain effects on the body. This is a clear layout of negative effects of performance enhancing substances. Other sources, like meta-analysis and systemic reviews, are hard to find about the negative effects of these substances probably because it would be wrong to subject a participant to a drug long enough and at higher doses that would produce a negative outcome like some athletes do. This study supports the side that performance-enhancement drugs should not be used because of their harmful side-effects. What makes this article strong is that everything is supported by a study and they separate what the drugs may affect in our bodies by category. What is weak about this article is that they are only focusing on the outcome of one study not multiple. It may show bias that these drugs are only bad, especially how in the discussion it talks about how athletes should have drug prevention counseling.

Healthy Doping: Why We Should Legalise Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport
This is one chapter on the book which discusses the limit of how performance-enhancement drugs can be used in a healthy way before they are harmful. However, healthy doping can be achieved through focusing on the anti-doping policy on athletes’ health instead of on promoting a ‘clean’ image of sports. Also, the next chapter discusses the harm of doping. This supports both sides but the anti-doping side more because even though healthy doping should be accepted it's through the enforcement of anti-doping policies.

Incentives and deterrents for drug-taking behavior in elite sports: A holistic and developmental approach
This study used face-to-face interviews, focus group interviews, biographical analyses to analyze the perspectives of 36 Dutch-speaking Belgian elite athletes, 5 elite coaches, 4 doping ‘experts’, and 3 self-admitted doping users. Incentives and deterrents for doping use, were found at different levels of athletic, psychological, psychosocial, financial, and policy levels of athletes’ development. This study supports anti-doping because it discusses changes in how to discourage doping and rehabilitation. What weakens this article is that it is funded by the World Anti-Doping Agency, which could direct the discussion a certain way. Also, sometimes the use of interviews creates a bias to get a certain answer from the subjects.

'I don't know if I would report them': Student-athletes' thoughts, feelings and anticipated behaviours on blowing the whistle on doping in sport
This empirical study with the addition of interviews, showed that someone who knows of ones use of PEDs would not report it, however, they would confront the person. With the athletes willingness to confront users, this should be incorporated into the discussion of anti-doping. If confrontation was increased then hopefully it would lead to a decrease of drugs in the sport. They state that the purpose of the study was to hopefully stimulate the debate of anti-doping efforts and how to discourage drugs. This study supports the non-use of PEDs as they try to find better ways to minimize their presence because all in all performance enhancing drugs cause harm to athletes bodies. However, participants are given four options to chose from on how they would deal with someone using PEDS. Having only four options to chose from, compared to an open answer question, participants would most likely chose the one that doesn't make them look bad. We don't know if they would actually confront a person, so although this study may be against the use of drugs, minimizing its presence may be a little harder than found and doping could only grow.

Be(coming) clean: Confessions as governance in professional cycling
This article looks at the public confessions and interviews (empirical data) of high profiles cyclists who used PEDs. With these confessions and the promotion of clean cycling, they found it created the image of "clean cycling" which helps promote the WADA and its goals. This can be used in the argument against the use of PEDs. However, a part of their findings was that these confessions defined being clean as more testing and monitoring in a sport not the actually decrease of use and why it is bad. Confessions just give more profile to the anti-doping attempts, this study best supports the anti-doping in sports.

A qualitative analysis of the factors that protect athletes against doping in sport.
This empirical study with the addition of interviews looks at what drives athletes to not take drugs. These protective factors were personal factors that included: a strong moral stance against cheating; an identity beyond sport; self-control; and resilience to social group pressures. There were situational protects that included: secure attachments to people at all stages of the athlete's life and the increase of anti-doping climate. This supports anti-doping because with this information it gives insight on how to protect athletes from PEDs. However, this study only had the involvement of ten athletes which could have increased.