User:Markjgraham hmb/The origins of U.S. nuclear strategy, 1945-1953

PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS

Cole, Alice C, et al., eds. The Department of Defense: Documents on Establishment and Organization, 1944-1978. Washington, D.C.: His- torical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1978.

Etzold, Thomas H., and John Lewis Gaddis, eds. Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.

Gallup, George. The Gallup Poll. 3 vols. New York: 1972.

Loewenheim, Harold D., and Manfred Jonas, eds. Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence. New York: Saturday Review Press, 1975.

Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1945-1953. 8 vols. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1961-1966.

Smyth, Henry D. Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: The Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb Under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940-1945. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Uni- versity Press, 1946.

Thompson, Kenneth W., and Steven L. Rearden, eds. Paul H. Nitze on National Security and Arms Control. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1990.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colo- nial Times to 1957. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1960.

U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1954 (annual volumes). Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1967-1985.

U.S. President’s Air Policy Commission. Survival in the Air Age. Washing- ton, D.C.: The Commission, Jan. 1, 1948.

200 The Origins of U.S. Nuclear Strategy, 1945-1953 U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. Summary Report (Pacific War). Washing- ton, D.C.: G.P.O., 1946.

Wolf, Richard I., ed. The United States Air Force: Basic Documents on Roles and Missions. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1987.

Yasamee, H.J., and K.A. Hamilton. Documents on British Policy Overseas, series II, vol. IV, Korea, June 1950-April 1951. London: HMSO, 1991.

MEMOIRS, AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, DIARIES

Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York: W.W. Norton, 1969.

Anders, Roger M., ed. Forging the Atomic Shield: Excerpts from the Office Diary of Gordon E. Dean. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

Baruch, Bernard. The Public Years. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.

Blum, John Morton, ed. The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942-1946. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1973.

Bohlen, Charles E. Witness to History, 1929-1969. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973.

Byrnes, James F. Speaking Frankly. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947.

Churchill, Winston S. The Hinge of Fate, vol. 4 of The Second World War. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1950.

Clifford, Clark, with Richard Holbrooke. Counsel to the President: A Memoir. New York: Random House, 1991.

Colville, John R. The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939-1955. New York: W. W. Norton, 1985.

Ferrell, Robert H., ed. Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910-1959. New York: W. W. Norton, 1983.

Ferrell, Robert H., ed. The Eisenhower Diaries. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981.

Notes on Sources and Select Bibliography 201 Ferrell, Robert H., ed. Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman. New York: Harper and Row, 1980.

Ferrell, Robert H., ed. Truman in the White House: The Diary of Eban A. Ayers. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991.

Groves, Leslie R. Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962.

Kennan, George F. Memoirs, 1925-1950. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967.

Krock, Arthur. Memoirs: Sixty Years on the Firing Line. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1968.

Lilienthal, David. The Journals of David Lilienthal, vol. U1, The Atomic Energy Years, 1945-1950. New York: Harper and Row, 1964.

Lord Moran. Churchill Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran: The Struggle for Survival, 1940-1965. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1966.

Millis, Walter, ed., with E. S. Duffield. The Forrestal Diaries. New York: Viking Press, 1951.

McLellan, David S., and David C. Acheson, eds. Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980.

Nichols, K.D. The Road to Trinity. New York: William Morrow, 1987.

Nitze, Paul H., with Ann M. Smith and Steven L. Rearden. From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision—A Memoir. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989.

Rotblat, Joseph. “Leaving the Bomb Project.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scien- tists 41 (August 1985): 16-19.

Rusk, Dean, with Richard Rusk. As / Saw It. New York: W.W. Norton 1990.

Shuckburgh, Evelyn. Descent to Suez: Diaries, 1951-56. New York: W. W. Norton, 1987.

Stimson, Henry L. “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb.” Reprinted in Robert A. Divine, ed. Causes and Consequences of World War II. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969.

Stimson, Henry L., and McGeorge Bundy. On Active Service in Peace and War. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947.

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Szilard, Leo. “Reminiscences.” Perspectives in American History II (1968): 94-151.

Truman, Harry S. Memoirs, vol. I, Year of Decisions. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1955.

Truman, Harry S. Memoirs, vol. II, Years of Trial and Hope. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1956.

Truman, Harry S. Mr. Citizen. New York: Bernard Geis Associates, 1960. Truman, Margaret. Harry S. Truman. New York: Morrow, 1973.

Vandenberg, Arthur H., Jr., with Joe Alex Morris, eds. The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1952.

Weisskopf, Victor F. “Looking Back on Los Alamos.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 41 (August 1985): 20-22.

SECONDARY WORKS: BOOKS

Alperovitz, Gar. Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam. New York: Random House, 1965; rev. ed. 1985.

Anders, Roger M. Institutional Origins of the Department of Energy: The Office of Military Application. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of En- ergy, 1980.

Ball, Desmond, and Jeffrey Richelson, eds. Strategic Nuclear Targeting. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1986.

Baxter, James Phinney, 3rd. Scientists Against Time. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1952; reprint of the 1946 original.

Blum, John Morton. V Was For Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976.

Borklund, Carl W. Men of the Pentagon: From Forrestal to McNamara. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966.

Bracken, Paul. The Command and Control of Nuclear Forces. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.

Brodie, Bernard, ed. The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1946.

Notes on Sources and Select Bibliography 203

Bundy, McGeorge. Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years. New York: Random House, 1988.

Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940-1945. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970.

Callahan, David. Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold War. New York: Harper Collins, 1990.

Caraley, Demetrios. The Politics of Military Unification. New York: Co- lumbia University Press, 1966.

Clark, Ian, and Nicholas J. Wheeler. The British Origins of Nuclear Strategy, 1945-1955. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

Cochran, Thomas B., William M. Arkin, and Milton M. Hoenig. Nuclear Weapons Databook, vol. 1, U.S. Nuclear Forces and Capabilities. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1984.

Condit, Doris M. History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: The Test of War, 1950-1953. Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1988.

Condit, Kenneth W. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, vol. Il, 1947-1949. Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, Joint Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1976.

Craven, Wesley Frank, and James Lea Cate. The Army Air Forces in World War IT, vol. V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1983 (new imprint).

Darling, Arthur B. The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government, to 1950. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Historical Staff, Central Intelligence Agency, 1953, released 1989.

Davis, Vincent. Postwar Defense Policy and the U.S. Navy, 1943-1946. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966.

Donovan, John C. The Cold Warriors: A Policy-Making Elite. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1974.

Donovan, Robert J. Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948. New York: W. W. Norton, 1977.

Donovan, Robert J. Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949-1953. New York: W. W. Norton, 1982.

204 The Origins of U.S. Nuclear Strategy, 1945-1953

Drea, Edward J. MacArthur’ s ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942-1945. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1992.

Duke, Simon. US Defence Bases in the United Kingdom: A Matter for Joint Decision? New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.

Feis, Herbert. From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War, 1945-1950. New York: W.W. Norton, 1970.

Ferrell, Robert H. George C. Marshall. Vol. XV in Robert H. Ferrell and Samuel Flagg Bemis, eds. The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. New York: Cooper Square, 1966.

Freedman, Lawrence. The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981; rev. ed. 1989.

Freedman, Lawrence. U.S. Intelligence and the Soviet Strategic Threat. 2d. ed. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Fursdon, Edward. The European Defence Community: A History. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979.

Futrell, Robert Frank. Jdeas, Concepts, Doctrine: Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force, 1907-1984. Rev. ed. 2 vols. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1989.

Gaddis, John Lewis. The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy. New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1982.

Gaddis, John Lewis. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.

Gardner, Lloyd C. Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949, Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970.

George, Alexander L., and Richard Smoke. Deterrence in American For- eign Policy: Theory and Practice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.

Gilbert, Martin. Winston S. Churchill, vol. VUI, “Never Despair,” 1945- 1965. London: Heineman, 1988.

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Gilbert, Martin. Winston S. Churchill, vol. VII, Road to Victory, 1941-1945. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1986.

Goudsmit, Samuel. Alsos. New York: Henry Schuman, 1947.

Gowing, Margaret. Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945-1952, vol. 1, Policy Making. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974.

Hamby, Alonzo L. Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.

Hammond, Paul Y. Organizing for Defense: The American Military Estab- lishment in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961.

Haynes, Richard F. The Awesome Power: Harry S. Truman as Commander in Chief. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973.

Heller, Francis H., ed. The Truman White House. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1980.

Herken, Gregg. The Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War, 1945-1950. New York: Knopf, 1980.

Hewlett, Richard G., and Oscar E. Anderson. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, vol. 1, The New World, 1939-1946. Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1972.

Hewlett, Richard G., and Francis Duncan. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, vol. II, Atomic Shield, 1947-1952. Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1972.

Hinsley, F. H., et al. British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations. 3 vols. London: HMSO, 1981- 1988.

Holloway, David. The Soviet Union and the Arms Race. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983.

Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley. Driven Patriot: The Life and Times of James Forrestal. New York: Knopf, 1992.

Hopkins, J. C., and Sheldon A. Goldberg. The Development of Strategic Air Command, 1946-1986. Offutt Air Force Base: Office of the Historian, Headquarters Strategic Air Command, 1986.

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Huntington, Samuel P. The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in Na- tional Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.

Huston, James A. Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945-1953. London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1988.

Isaacson, Walter, and Evan Thomas. The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986.

Jervis, Robert. The Illogic of American Nuclear Strategy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1984.

Jervis, Robert. The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989.

Jones, Joseph Marion. The Fifteen Weeks (February 21-June 5, 1947). New York: Viking, 1955.

Jones, Vincent. Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1985.

Jungk, Robert. Brighter Thana Thousand Suns. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958.

Kaplan, Lawrence S. A Community of Interests: NATO and the Military Assistance Program, 1948-1951. Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1980.

Kaplan, Lawrence S. NATO and the United States: The Enduring Alliance. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988.

Kaplan, Lawrence S. The United States and NATO: The Formative Years. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1984.

Kepley, David R. The Collapse of the Middle Way: Senate Republicans and the Bipartisan Foreign Policy, 1948-1952. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.

Kinnard, Douglas. The Secretary of Defense. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1980.

Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems, vol. Il, Post-World War II Bombers, 1945-1973. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1988.

Larson, Deborah Welch. Origins of Containment: A Psychological Expla- nation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985.

Notes on Sources and Select Bibliography 207

Leffler, Melvyn P. A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992.

Lieberman, Joseph I. The Scorpion and the Tarantula: The Struggle to Control Atomic Weapons, 1945-1949. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970.

Maclsaac, David. Strategic Bombing in World War Two: The Story of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey. New York: Garland Publish- ing, 1976.

McCullough, David. Truman. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.

May, Ermest R. “Lessons” of the Past: The Use and Misuse of History in American Foreign Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.

Mayers, David A. George Kennan and the Dilemmas of U.S. Foreign Policy. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Messer, Robert L. The End of an Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman, and the Origins of the Cold War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982.

Milward, Alan S. The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-1951. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

Moss, Norman. Klaus Fuchs: The Man Who Stole the Atom Bomb. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.

Mueller, John. Retreat from Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War. New York: Basic Books, 1989.

Neufeld, Jacob. The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1990.

Pach, Chester J., Jr. Arming the Free World: The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program, 1945-1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.

Pash, Boris T. The Alsos Mission. New York: Award House, 1969.

Paterson, Thomas G. Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

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Patterson, James T. Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1972.

Pierre, Andrew J. Nuclear Politics: The British Experience with an Inde- pendent Strategic Force, 1939-1970. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Pogue, Forrest C. George C. Marshall: Statesman, 1945-1959. New York: Viking Press, 1987.

Poole, Walter S. The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, vol. IV, 1950-1952. Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, Joint Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1976.

Powaski, Ronald E. March to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1939 to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Prados, John. Keepers of the Keys: A History of the National Security Council from Truman to Bush. New York: W. Morrow, 1991.

Prados, John. The Soviet Estimate: U.S. Intelligence Analysis and Russian Military Strength. New York: Dial Press, 1982.

Rearden, Steven L. The Evolution of American Strategic Doctrine: Paul H. Nitze and the Soviet Challenge. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press and the Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute, 1984.

Rearden, Steven L. History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: The Formative Years, 1947-1950. Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1984.

Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986.

Ries, John C. The Management of Defense. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964.

Rosecrance. Richard N. Defense of the Realm: British Strategy in the Nuclear Epoch. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968.

Ross, Steven T. American War Plans, 1945-1950. New York: Garland, 1988.

Rothwell, Victor. Britain and the Cold War, 1941-1947. London: J. Cape, 1982.

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Sagan, Scott D. Moving Targets: Nuclear Strategy and National Security. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Schnabel, James F. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, vol. 1, 1945-1947. Wilmington, Del.: Mi- chael Glaser, 1979.

Schnabel, James F. United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction—The First Year. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1972.

Sherry, Michael S. Preparing for the Next War: American Plans for Postwar Defense, 1941-1945. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.

Sherry, Michael S. The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armag gedon. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

Sherwin, Martin J. A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance. New York: Random House, 1975.

Shlaim, Avi. The United States and the Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949. Berke- ley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1983.

Sigal, Leon V. Fighting to a Finish: The Politics of War Termination in the United States and Japan, 1945. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.

Siracusa, Joseph M. Rearming for the Cold War. Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Armament and Disarmament, 1983.

Smith, Perry McCoy. The Air Force Plans for Peace, 1943-1945. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970.

Spanier, John W. The Truman-MacArthur Controversy and the Korean War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959.

Thomas, Hugh. Armed Truce: The Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1946. New York: Atheneum, 1987.

Ulam, Adam B. The Rivals: America and Russia Since World War II. New York: Viking Press, 1971.

Williams, Robert Chadwell. Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987.

Wolk, Herman S. Planning and Organizing the Postwar Air Force, 1943- 1947. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1984.

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Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1977.

York, Herbert F. The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller, and the Superbomb. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co., 1976.

SECONDARY WORKS: ARTICLES

Alperovitz, Gar. “More on Atomic Diplomacy.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 41 (December 1985): 35-39.

Berger, Henry W. “Bipartisanship, Senator Taft, and the Truman Adminis- tration.” Political Science Quarterly 90 (Summer 1975): 221-237.

Bernstein, Barton J. “Crossing the Rubicon: A Missed Opportunity to Stop the H-Bomb?” Jnternational Security 14 (Fall 1989): 132-160.

Bernstein, Barton J. “Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Early Thinking About Tactical Nuclear Weapons.” /nternational Security 15 (Spring 1991): 149-173.

Bernstein, Barton J. “Roosevelt, Truman, and the Atomic Bomb, 1941- 1945: A Reinterpretation.” Political Science Quarterly 90 (Spring 1975).

Buhite, Russell D., and William Christopher Hamel. “War for Peace: The Question of an American Preventive War against the Soviet Union, 1945-1955.” Diplomatic History 14 (Summer 1990): 367-384.

Combs, Jerald A. “The Compromise That Never Was: George Kennan, Paul Nitze, and the Issue of Conventional Deterrence in Europe, 1949-1952. Diplomatic History 15 (Summer 1991): 361-386.

DeConde, Alexander. “George Catlett Marshall.” In Norman A. Graebner, ed. An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.

Dingman, Roger. “Atomic Diplomacy During the Korean War.” /nterna- tional Security 13 (Winter 1988/89): 50-91.

Dockmill, M. L. “The Foreign Office, Anglo-American relations and the Korean War, June 1950-June 1951.” International Affairs (London) 62 (Summer 1986).

Notes on Sources and Select Bibliography 211

Elliot, David C. “Project Vista and Nuclear Weapons in Europe.” /nterna- tional Security 11 (Summer 1986): 163-183.

Erskine, Hazel Gaudet. “The Polls: Atomic Weapons and Nuclear Energy.” Public Opinion Quarterly 27 (Summer 1963): 155-190.

Foot, Rosemary J. “Nuclear Coercion and the Ending of the Korean Con- flict.” International Security 13 (Winter 1988/89): 92-112.

Hammond, Paul Y. “NSC-68: Prologue to Rearmament,” in Warner R. Schilling, Paul Y. Hammond, and Glenn H. Snyder. Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.

Holloway, David. “Soviet Thermonuclear Development.” /nternational Security 4 (Winter 1979-80): 192-197.

Kennan, George F. “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.” Foreign Affairs 25 (July 1947): 566-582.

Kuehl, Daniel T. “Refighting the Last War: Electronic Warfare and U.S. Air Force B-29 Operations in the Korean War, 1950-53.” Journal of Military History 56 (January 1992): 87-111.

Maier, Charles S. “Revisionism and the Interpretations of Cold War Ori- gins,” Perspectives in American History IV (1970): 311-347.

May, Ernest R. “The American Commitment to Germany, 1949-1955.” Diplomatic History 13 (Fall 1989): 431-460.

May, Ernest R. “The Cold War.” In Joseph S. Nye, Jr., ed. The Making of America’s Soviet Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.

Messer, Robert L. “(New Evidence on Truman’s Decision.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 41 (August 1985): 50-56.

Miscamble, Wilson D. “George F. Kennan, the Policy Planning Staff and the Origins of the Marshall Plan.” Mid-America 62 (April-July 1980): 75-89.

Morton, Louis. “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb.” In Kent Roberts Greenfield, ed. Command Decisions. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1984.

Murphy, Charles J. V. “A New Strategy for NATO.” Fortune (January 1953)2805.

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Nelson, Anna Kasten. “President Truman and the Evolution of the National Security Council.” Journal of American History 72 (September 1985): 360-378.

Nitze, Paul H. “The Development of NSC 68.” International Security 4 (Spring 1980): 170-176.

Nitze, Paul H. “Military Power: A Strategic View.” The Fletcher Forum 5 (Winter 1981).

Nitze, Paul H. “The Relationship of Strategic and Theater Nuclear Forces.” International Security 2 (Fall 1977): 122-132.

Norris, Robert S., Thomas B. Cochran, and William M. Arkin. “History of the Nuclear Stockpile.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 41 (August 1985): 106-109.

Poole, Walter S. “From Conciliation to Containment: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Coming of the Cold War.” Military Affairs 42 (1978): 12-16.

Postbrief, Sam. “Departure from Incrementalism.” Naval War College Review 33 (March-April 1980): 34-57.

Rearden, Steven L. “Congress and National Defense, 1945-1950.” In Rich- ard H. Kohn, ed. The United States Military under the Constitution of the United States. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

Richardson, Robert C., III. “NATO Nuclear Strategy: A Look Back.” Strategic Review 9 (Spring 1981): 35-43.

Rosenberg, David Alan. “American Atomic Strategy and the Hydrogen Bomb Decision.” Journal of American History 66 (June 1979): 62-87.

Rosenberg, David Alan. “The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945-1960.” International Security 7 (Spring 1983): 3-71.

Rosenberg, David Alan. “U.S. Nuclear Stockpile, 1945 to 1950.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 38 (May 1982): 25-30.

Sander, Alfred D. “Truman and the National Security Council, 1945-1947.” Journal of American History 59 (September 1972): 369-388.

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr. “Origins of the Cold War.” Foreign Affairs 46 (October 1967): 22-52.

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Shlaim, Avi. “Britain, the Berlin Blockade and the Cold War.” International Affairs (London) 60 (Winter 1983/4): 1-14.

Trachtenberg, Marc. “A ‘Wasting Asset’: American Strategy and the Shift- ing Nuclear Balance.” International Security 13 (Winter 1988/89): 5-49.

Walker, J. Samuel. “The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update.” Diplomatic History 14 (Winter 1990): 97-114.

Wells, Samuel F., Jr. “The Origins of Massive Retaliation.” In Robert H. Connery and Demetrios Caraley, eds. National Security and Nuclear Strategy. New York: Academy of Political Science, 1983.

Wells, Samuel F., Jr. “Sounding the Tocsin: NSC 68 and the Soviet Threat.” International Security 4 (Fall 1979): 116-158.

Werrell, Kenneth P. “The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments.” Journal of American History 73 (Dec. 1986): 702-713.

Wheeler, N.J. “British Nuclear Weapons and Anglo-American Relations, 1945-54.” International Affairs (London) 62 (Winter 1985/86): 71-86.

UNPUBLISHED AND OTHER WORKS

Borgiasz, William Stephen. “Struggle for Predominance: Evolution and Consolidation of Nuclear Forces in the Strategic Air Command, 1945- 1955.” Ph.D. diss., American University, 1991.

Cornell, Cecilia Stiles. “James V. Forrestal and American National Security Policy, 1940-1949.” Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1987.

Evangelista, Matthew Anthony. “Technological Innovation and the Arms Race: A Comparative Study of Soviet and American Decisions on Tactical Nuclear Weapons.” Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1986.

Legere, Lawrence, Jr. “Unification of the Armed Forces.” Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1950.

Little, R. D. The History of Air Force Participation in the Atomic Energy Program, 1943-1953, vol. Il, Foundations of an Atomic Air Force and Operation Sandstone, 1946-1948. Bound MS (Sanitized), USAF His- torical Division, n.d., available through the Office of Air Force History, Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, D.C.

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Mahoney, Leo J. “A History of the War Department Scientific Intelligence Mission (Alsos), 1943-1945.” Ph.D. diss., Kent State University, 1981.

Meigs, Montgomery Cunningham. “Managing Uncertainty: Vannevar Bush, James B. Conant and the Development of the Atomic Bomb, 1940-1945.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1982.

Moody, Walton S. “Building a Strategic Air Force, 1945-1953.” MS, Office of Air Force History, 1989.

O’Brien. L. D. “National Security and the New Warfare: Defense Policy, War Planning, and Nuclear Weapons, 1945-50.” Ph.D. diss., The Ohio State University, 1981

Rosenberg, David Alan. “Toward Armageddon: The Foundations of United States Nuclear Strategy.”’ Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1981.