User:Marsupium/sandbox

= Egyptian Arabic =

TODO

 * Egyptian Arabic: add notation in Arabic script across the article
 * Publication plan
 * Arabic verbs: add Wiktionary links, transliteration and something like lang-ar, maybe look further through Talk:Arabic verbs
 * cf. de:Ägyptisch-Arabisch etc., maybe try out changes there first
 * use the featured Levantine Arabic as a probably good example
 * transcription
 * wikt:Wiktionary:About Arabic/Egyptian: ى should probably not be transliterated as a long vowel???
 * use ALA-LC (cf. "Sticking to one romanization scheme, apparently ALA-LC") here with ع as the glyph $⟨ʿ⟩$.
 * link to the variety romanizations from Romanization of Arabic
 * verb morphology: use other example, not "اتكلّم" that has a non-regular verbal noun
 * Hinds/Badawi's transcription of جافّ "dry" as "gaaff" (alternative to "gaff") (same as Gadalla, p. 171) seems to contradict phonotactics? or rather not because (here) it's an orthographic rather than phonological transcription (for this I think Watson offers an exception rule?); write a short note on morphological/orthographical versus phonological representation of long vowels in the transcriptions
 * ✅ (diff) Egyptian Arabic: "Egyptians generally call their vernacular" -> speakers of Egyptian Arabic
 * find a better source than the master's thesis for Franco
 * update the review of at https://lib.reviews/yalla!-lets-learn-egyptian-colloquial-arabic-verbs with more weird (classification) stuff the book does:
 * does the table imply to list all possibilities? that would even be misleading
 * the choice of form "XI" is a bad one
 * اِتْفَعّ, يِتْفَعّ is misclassified as V3a (p. XII), this is rather VIIt3a, this can be seen in the alternative VIIn3a, even of the given example and the existence of other forms for V3a
 * unsystematic approach with this assignment IX 3(?)
 * clean c:Category:Egyptian Arabic of Classical Arabic stuff
 * make literature links blue especially for older stuff using ; collect stuff in Zotero
 * see also wikt:User:Marsupium/Notes
 * consider Classical participle vocalizations as a case of "intra-word code-switching" (term met in (ref probably not working (=SIGMORPHON 2022))

Wikidata (Lexicographical data)

 * improve d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Languages/arz
 * maybe create entity schemas, maybe part-of-speech specific

Lemma inclusion

 * nominals: one only if all inflection is possible by concatenation from few stems, maximum is like from "أحمر/حمر/حمراء", cf. authorsconferencexxxxx 2024, Lemma-Paradigms-Index-v1.1.csv

Lemmata
https://camel-guidelines.readthedocs.io/en/latest/morphology/ follows David Graff, Mohamed Maamouri, Basma Bouziri, Sondos Krouna, Seth Kulick, and Tim Buckwalter. 2009. Standard Arabic Morphological Analyzer (SAMA) Version 3.1. Linguistic Data Consortium LDC2009E73. is used

Parts-of-speech

 * query the actually used ones
 * confer with Hinds/Badawi, Woidich, those used by CAMeL Lab, other resources
 * collect trials for how to decide, for this also see Gadalla
 * assemble a subset of parts-of-speech to be used
 * Tricky: What to do with lexemes belonging to more then one part-of-speech? Take in consideration d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation.
 * for decision on POS see also https://camel-guidelines.readthedocs.io/en/latest/morphology/#31-core-pos

Orthography

 * create more items for special spellings, possibly subclassing them from
 * ي/ى
 * respelled consonants
 * etc.

Problem: intersecting variants, might be similar to the problem laid out at d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Languages/vi-x-Q875344, see mainly T236593

Pronunciation/Transcription

 * Should be used?
 * : phonemic or phonetic?

Etymologies

 * Look into etymologies from/cognates with Classical Arabic. Can be used? Maybe a specific  value should be used? Would  be okay? See also d:User:Rua/Wikidata for Wiktionarians. See also the failed d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cognate from 2020.
 * create items for affixes, of course roots, maybe other morphemes? As a starter wikt:Category:Egyptian Arabic suffixes and wikt:Category:Arabic suffixes might be useful
 * use (Turkish),  (Coptic),, more cited at

Roots

 * collect rooting issues from
 * Continue collection of roots from Hinds/Badawi (also useful for the dictionary project). How many are there?
 * see how it is done by CAMeL Lab
 * lexeme inclusion for roots: >1 lexeme foot different etymologies like H/B?

Patterns

 * ✅ create Wikidata items
 * ✅ pattern/وزن/foobar
 * check out pattern system of CAMeL Lab (ALMOR-style database??), data at https://github.com/CAMeL-Lab/camel_morph#data, see also, p. 96, fig. 2

Styles

 * which items to use as values for ? map Badawi terms (xxxxx, xxxxx, …)?

Grammatical features etc.

 * Which grammatical features to use? I came across some to me surprising examples on the existing lexemes.
 * Is there a reason not to use in lexeme statements? (See this removal, also it is not on (Classical) Arabic d:L:L2233.)

Excerpt Behnstedt & Woidich 2018
sedentary and bedouin dialects, those "in Sinai and on the Mediterranean coast west of Alexandria up to the Libyan border" (p. 64)

"standard dialect of Cairo" (p. 64)

"There are ʻsedentaryʼ dialects with different amounts of Maghrebi admixture according to the area: in the western Delta, the northern oases, and Upper Egypt south of Asyut." (p. 64); eastern Delta closer to Sinai and Palestine (cf. de Jong 2000, p. 622); central and southern Egypt related to Hijazi Arabic (cf. Reichmuth 1983, p. 28ff.); further south to Sudanese Arabic (cf. de Jong 2002, p. 358) < -> Arabic dialect continuum!? >

"transitional are between eastern and western Arabic" (p. 64)

"immigration of different Arab tribes" (p. 64), but no "pidginization or creolization" (p. 64)

Arab settlement after conquest in 7th century (p. 65)

claim: dialects of Delta and Nile Valley until El Minya are "earliest linguistic stratum" (p. 65)

Yemeni and Northern Arab tribes in Egypt (p. 65)

"By the end of the tenth century" the Yemenis had left (tough maybe not all) in 10th century to Ifriqiya (p. 68f.): "presence of Yemenis is attested for the duration of three centuries" (p. 69)

3.1.2 Dialect (p. 69)

phonological communalities between Egyptian and Yemeni dialects (p. 69–71); "both dialect areas are very conservative", so no "evidence for an early Egypt-Yemen connection" here (p. 71)

short demonstratives are common among the two (p. 71)

lexically not much is common, two agricultural terms are given (p. 72)

"Certainly, modern EA shares more items with Levantine Arabic than with any other Arabic dialect region, but many of these go back to much later contacts in Mameluke and Ottoman times (Lentin 1995: 134)." (p. 72)

Dialect literature
(for the section "Publications" in Egyptian Arabic)

The dialogs in the following novels are partly in Egyptian Arabic, partly in Standard Arabic: Mahmud Tahir Haqqi's Adhra' Dinshuway (عذراء دنشواي; 1906), Yaqub Sarruf's Fatat Misr (فتاة مصر; first published in Al-Muqtataf 1905–1906), and Mohammed Hussein Heikal's Zaynab (1914).

Early stage plays written in Egyptian Arabic were translated from or influenced by European playwrights. Muhammad 'Uthman Jalal translated plays by Molière, Racine and Goldoni to Egyptian Arabic and adapted them as well as ten fables by Jean de La Fontaine. Yaqub Sanu translated to and wrote plays on himself in Egyptian Arabic. Many plays were written in Standard Arabic, but performed in colloquial Arabic. Tawfiq al-Hakim took this a step further and provided for his Standard Arabic plays versions in colloquial Arabic for the performances. Mahmud Taymur has published some of his plays in two versions, one in Standard, one in colloquial Arabic, among them: Kidb fi Kidb (كذب في كذب, 1951 or ca. 1952) and Al-Muzayyifun (المزيفون, ca. 1953). TODO: xxxxxx add the others!!!

The writers of stage plays in Egyptian Arabic after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 include No'man Ashour, Alfred Farag, Saad Eddin Wahba, Rashad Roushdy, and Yusuf Idris. Thereafter the use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic in theater is stable and common. Later writers of plays in colloquial Egyptian include Ali Salem, and Naguib Surur.

Novels in Egyptian Arabic after the 1940s and before the 1990s are rare. There are by Mustafa Musharrafah Qantarah Alladhi Kafar (قنطرة الذي كفر, Cairo, 1965) and Uthman Sabri's (عثمان صبري; 1896–1986) Journey on the Nile (رحلة في النيل, 1965) (and his Bet Sirri (بيت سري, 1981) that apparently uses a mix of Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic).

Prose published in Egyptian Arabic since the 1990s include the following novels: Yusuf al-Qa'id's Laban il-Asfur (لبن العصفور; 1994), Baha' Awwad's (بهاء عواد) Shams il-Asil (شمس الاصيل; 1998), Safa Abdel Al Moneim's Min Halawit il-Ruh (من حلاوة الروح, 1998), Samih Faraj's (سامح فرج) Banhuf Ishtirasa (بانهوف اشتراسا, 1999); autobiographies include the one by Ahmed Fouad Negm, by Mohammed Naser Ali Ula Awwil (اولى أول), and Fathia al-Assal's Hudn il-Umr (حضن العمر).

The epistolary novel Jawabat Haraji il-Gutt (جوابات حراجى القط, 2001) by Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi is exceptional in its use of Saʽidi Arabic.

21th-century journals publishing in Egyptian Arabic include Bārti (from at least 2002), the weekly magazine Idhak lil-Dunya (اضحك للدنيا, from 2005), and the monthly magazine Ihna (magazine) (احنا, from 2005).

Literature:

a query with some works: https://w.wiki/5qxj

Yusuf Idris works with dialogs in Egyptian Arabic: Arkhaṣ Layāli (1954), …

Excerpt Woidich 2006
"Das Kairenische, das oft schlechthin mit „Ägyptisch-Arabisch“ gleichgesetzt wird […] Position einer Standardsprache" (p. 1)

"Ausstrahlung, die dieses Land in der arabischen Welt besitzt." (p. 1)

movies and TV, dominating cinema and soaps in the Arab World and export of workers and academics in all Arab countries (p. 1)

Cairene variety takes part in the development of an "inter Arabic", recently concurrency of Gulf Arabic and Beirut Arabic (p. 1)

since long development to a written language (p. 2)

no standardization of orthography, grammar and lexicon (p. 2)

end of 19th century until mid 20th century boom of writing in dialect, another increase in the last 50 years (p. 2)

advertisement, comic strips and journals (Bārti and Iḥna); not only traditional genres like satirical magazines, poetry, caricatures, dialogs in novels, fictive memoirs and theater plays; also texts in prosa like novellas, novels and real memoirs (p. 2)

writers of theater plays: (Saad Eddin Wahba), Rashad Roushdy, Noaman Ashour, …; Yusuf al-Qa'id novel "لبن العصفور" (Laban il-ʕAṣfūr); memoirs of Ahmad Fuad Nigm and Fathiyya al-Assal (p. 2)

references here: Diem 1974, Rosenbaum 2004 (=Egyptian Arabic as a Written Language), Davies 2005

orthography not fixed, between conservative close to Standard Arabic and closer to phonological situation in Egyptian Arabic, no one is consequent (p. 2)

Excerpt Woidich 2010
Yaqub Sanu, "der sich selbst als den »ägyptischen Molière« verstand" (p. 70)

Sanu's satire magazine Abu Naddara (here citing Gendzier 1966, p. 59) (p. 71)

Abdullah an-Nadeem' magazine Al Ustadh (الأستاذ) (p. 71) (: "colloquial dialogues")

Himarat Munyati (حمارة منيتي) by Muhammad Tawfiq: Booth 1992, p. 425: "chose to publish colloquial poems in almost every issue"

Bayram al-Tunisi

The writers of stage plays in Egyptian Arabic after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 include Noaman Ashour, Alfred Farag, Saad Eddin Wahba, Rashad Roushdy, and Yusuf Idris. Thereafter the use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic in theater is stable and common. (p. 74)

A recent novel in Egyptian Arabic is Yusuf al-Qa'id's Laban el-Asfur (لبن العصفور) 1994 (p. 79)

Excerpt Zack 2001
A. Introduction

"form of a monologue, in which a poor, illiterate woman […] tells us about the events that eventually led to her imprisonment" (p. 193); uses 3aammiiyat al-3ummiiyiin (p. 193)

B. Background

1. The use of colloquial in the Egyptian novel

use "in dialogues in the novel is nowadays more or less accepted" (references Diem 1974, pp. 98–99; Sa3iid 1980, pp. 381 ff.) (p. 194)

examples:
 * Mohammed Hussein Heikal: Zaynab, 1914: "considered to be the first Egyptian novel, the dialogues are partially in dialect" (ref. Diem 1974, p. 109 (p. 194, fn. 4)
 * muDakkiraat first in 1920s and 1930s "fictious autobiographies" "mostly written in colloquial, […] also some titles […] in Standard Arabic." (list in Diem 1974, p. 101) (p. 194 with fn. 5):
 * Bayram al-Tunisi:
 * isSayyid wi mraatu f-MaSr
 * isSayyid wi mraatu f-Bariis (1925)
 * 7usnii Yuusuf: Muzakkiraat fitiwwa (1930) ("حسني يوسف مذكرات فتوة"?) (same as that one by "المعلم يوسف أبو حجاج"?)
 * Luwiis AwaD: 1965: "last novel of this genre"
 * "antara allaDi kafar (year unknown)
 * Uthmaan Sabrii
 * ri7la fi-nNiil ("رحلة في النيل") (1965)
 * beet sirri (year unknown)

Excerpt Avallone 2011
start of the series mudawwan@š-šurūq in 2008 (p. 28) starting with "Qahwet el-maṣriyyīn (‘il caffè degli egiziani’) del 2009, di Muḥammad Kamāl Ḥasan e Muṣṭafā al-Ḥusaynī, in vernacolo egiziano" (p. 28, fn. 15)

Excerpt De Angelis 2022
Al-Mawlūda in fact, which was written entirely in dialect by Nādiya Kāmil

William Willcocks

 * he translated the Old and New Testament to the Cairene dialect

more

 * (2021 or 2022???)
 * (review: )
 * (review: )
 * (review: )
 * (review: )
 * (review: )
 * (review: )

"In 1893, one of the most reviled interventions in promoting Egyptian colloquial Arabic (ECA) took place when the Bible was translated into ECA by Sir William Willcocks. He also translated some of Shakespeare's works into ECA (Saeed, 1964)." (Essa, Esraa. The use of Egyptian spoken Arabic in modern Egyptian novels. 2016. American University in Cairo, Master's Thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/602, p. 12)

p. 15: "The two novels under investigation in this study": bestseller rack in bookstores across Egypt for two consecutive weeks (Al- Shorouk, 2014)" (both contain Non-Modern Standard Arabic)
 * Ahmed Murad’s The Blue Elephant ( الفيل الأزرق ), 2012
 * Essam Youssef’s The Two Officers إثنين ضباط) September 2013, Essam Youssef’s second novel, "on the

"The vast majority of Arab writers and literary critics consider that colloquial Arabic is ineligible for use in literature (Abdel-Malek, 1972)" (p. 19)

Sibilant consonants before /ʃ/
"Thus, verbs that end with ( ‫ش‬ ْ / ‫ظ‬ ْ / ‫ص‬ ْ and are followed by the negation ْ / ‫س‬ ْ / ‫)ز‬ marker (‫)ش‬ can have these letters replaced with ( ‫ش‬ ّ / ‫ص‬ ّ / ‫)س‬." 

Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic
example for a word written with "ث", but pronounced ? doesn't seem to exist "ثلاثة" is not written with "ث"

Pre-suffix vowel lengthening vs. underlying final vowels?
new research: "Linguists have traditionally disagreed on the specific URs and phonological rules for EA (Broselow, 1976; Angoujard, 1978; Abdel-Massih et al., 1979; Abu-Salim, 1982; Hamid, 1984; Watson, 2002; McCarthy, 2005)."
 * TODO: pre-suffix vowel lengthening (Watson 8.1.1, p. 201ff.): this is not really related to stress as Egyptian Arabic phonology suggests
 * See (Salam Khalifa, Mohammadsadegh Ghalayani, Ellen Broselow, Robert Hoberman, Jordan Kodner, Seyed Abolghasem Mirroshandel, and Owen Rambow. "Putting the Linguist’s Rules to Work." Presented at  (poster) (abstract)):

Literature cited in Khalifa et al. XVII–XVIII, pages 1–26.
 * Broselow, E. (1976). The Phonology of Egyptian Arabic. PhD thesis. Copyright - Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works; Last updated - 2023-07-26. (not found online apart from Google Books snippets, no access to ProQuest, not on Anna's Archive, maybe request another way)
 * Angoujard, J.-P. (1978). Le cycle en phonologie? l’accentuation en arabe tunisien. Analyses, Theorie ́, 3:1–39.
 * Abdel-Massih, E. T., Abdel-Malek, Z. N., and Badawi, E.-S. M. (1979). A Reference Grammar of Egyptian Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
 * Abu-Salim, I. (1982). A Reanalysis of Some Aspects of Arabic Phonology: A Metrical Approach. PhD thesis. Copyright - Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works; Last updated - 2023-02-19.
 * Hamid, A. H. (1984). A Descriptive Analysis of Sudanese Colloquial Arabic Phonology. PhD thesis. Copyright - Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works; Last updated - 2023-02-19.
 * Watson, J. C. E. (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. Oxford University Press.
 * McCarthy, J. J. (2005). The length of stem-final vowels in colloquial arabic. Perspectives on Arabic linguistics

See also

various

 * Imāla: see e.g.
 * metathesis: see
 * examples: siHlifa ~ silHifa, faylasuuf ~ falyasuuf, …
 * TODO: make the transclusions of transliteration in Metathesis (linguistics) use "arz" after checking that it's actually arz
 * 4.4.2.1 sycope (Watson) is incomplete in Cairene apparently for lexicalized cases from Classical Arabic like e.g. the variant ظاهِرَة (cf. Hinds/Badawi, p. 557). (Same form is also an exception for and mentioned in Egyptian Arabic phonology.)
 * exception to Egyptian Arabic phonology? Watson, p. 204: "When an adjective or noun with the relational ending -i3 or the ending -gi or -li (see Section 7.3.1) takes a vowel-initial suffix, -i is subject to pre-suffix lengthening through mora reduplication" and "However, in contrast to other long vowels which result from pre-suffix lengthening, the resulting bimoraic vowel is resistant to unstressed long vowel shortening." Can this be observed in ordinal speech?

Orthography
There is no fixed orthography for Egyptian Arabic. Where it is written in Arabic script the orthography varies between more conservative spellings closer to those of Standard Arabic and spellings closer to the phonology of Egyptian Arabic. This variability arises from the deficiency of the Arabic script for writing the colloquial Egyptian Arabic, for which it is not designed. Part of this is the unavailability of signs for some sounds of Egyptian Arabic that are not part of Standard Arabic. Both options are used in parallel, often even in by one author or in one work. The two options appears for example for these cases:
 * treatment of originally long vowels that become short or deleted as a result of vowel shortening or vowel deletion, e.g. the feminine active participle of عرف, that is pronounced, can be written in two ways:
 * etymological spelling with the shortly pronounced originally long vowel "ا": عارفة,
 * phonetic spelling without the "ا": عرفة;
 * words written with the letters "ث"&rlm;, "ذ", and "ظ" in Standard Arabic that are pronounced, , and in Egyptian Arabic can keep their etymological Standard Arabic spelling or be phonetically respelled with "ت"&rlm;, "د" and "ض".

Romanization
TODO:
 * perhaps add ?
 * IPA: give only phonemes for Levantine Arabic as well??? perhaps change [] to //???
 * note regarding the ye masriyy; also ي might not be used by Hinds/Badawi?
 * (DONE) Spitta: add other locations of the book used: only for epenthetic vowel
 * (NOT DONE) make table accessible (accessibility should be okay, no much needed modifications)
 * add transcriptions for lost sounds/letters where I haven't looked them up yet
 * write on the status of [e] and [o], cf. : "Among some Cairene speakers, the monophthongs are shortened in closed syllables to give short e and o […]" and Woidich 2006, seems to be from Woidich in Watson 2002, cf. Watson 2002, p. 48.

In the table below romanizations by different authors starting with Spitta's from 1880 are given as examples of the variety of those used. Where authors use custom glyphs the ones given try the best available approximation. The use of transcribing glyphs among different authors and between those and a representation of Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script (in doubt is used above) can't be exactly aligned because different authors use different analyses of the studied language, especially regarding the vowel system. Here also the table below tries to give a good approximation.

References:

Additions to vowels:
 * epenthetic vowel:
 * : "Der Sproßvokal [ə] im Sandhi wird mit $⟨ʾ⟩$ bezeichnet, s. 1.3.2.3.", dann aber bei : "baʿdi kida"
 * : "vi) Anaptyxis/Unstressed anaptyctic vowels are represented in small elevated form, while stressed anaptyctic vowels are given in the normal fount", that means "ⁱᵃᵅᵉᵒᵘ"?, e.g. "ʕil-ʕɑgrᵃ ʕal-ɑllɑ"
 * : use that information

ث&lrm;, ذ and ظ spelling examples:
 * :ث
 * sawra (in only with ث)
 * Harrell, p. 54: "sawra"
 * sanya (in only with ث)

Why not to use a romanization/IPA mix:
 * what does "j" mean now? "ʕ" is also unclear
 * giving a phonetic or phonemic phonology(?) is not the idea of a transcription, rather to give something between original orthography/morphology/phonology, so probably IPA characters will be used (morphologically) in places where they're not pronounced like they might indicate read as IPA literally
 * IPA is further from Latin alphabet, so contradict the idea of making it easier to grasp morphophonology

Adaptions to ALA-LC

 * use $⟨ɑ̊⟩$, $⟨e⟩$, $⟨ɑ̊⟩$, $⟨e⟩$, $⟨ü⟩$ $⟨ᵃ⟩$, $⟨ⁱ⟩$
 * use $⟨ᵃ⟩$ $⟨ᵅ⟩$
 * TODO: how to handle two phonologies of qaf? Levantine Arabic gives $⟨ᵉ⟩$ from Liddicoat, Lennane & Abdul Rahim 2018, pp. 3–4, 13–17, 20 (pages?), but it says "The strike-through bar is used […]" ([ p. 20]), so maybe rather use $⟨ᵒ⟩$ (q with long stroke overlay) (or $⟨ᵘ⟩$ (q with short stroke overlay))
 * uses $⟨i̊⟩$ which is used in IPA for the voiced uvular plosive, which is not the best choice in my eyes

Wikidata modelling
maybe like this?:

pattern:
 * ( (with domain also items)?)

lexeme: pattern and root
 * سهل (L705785)  (or ?)
 * سهل (L705785) س ه ل (L705777)

Pronouns
Seems to generally follow the possessive pronoun suffixes from the table "Forms of the independent and clitic pronouns".

The final -i of the prepositions فِي, بِـ and لِـ is subject to pre-suffix vowel lengthening. (other final vowels as well)

مَن and عَن: "monomoraic prepositions ending in /n/ undergo n-gemination before pronoun sufﬁxes"

xxxxx

In prepositional phrase circumflex negation (cf. Kalaam Gamiil, vol. 1, p. 142 (lesson 6)). Here the first a of ma3a can be have "haplologische Silbenellipse" (cf. Woidich 2006, p. 139). I think this is not mentioned in Watson 2002, 9.1.2.1 Vowel deletion, p. 229-231.

Noun morphology
(following )

Gender
(following )

Nouns are masculine or feminine. Animate nouns referring to gendered people or animals usually agree with the gender of what they refer to like in Classical Arabic.

Nouns ending in the feminine suffix ـة are usually feminine. Exeptions are nouns referring to males such as جَلِيفَة, عُمْدَة and خَوَاجَة.

Nouns not ending in the feminine suffix ـة are usually masculine. Exceptions from this rule are:
 * nouns referring to females such as أُخْت, أُمّ, بِنْت, فَرَس, عَانِس, مَدَامِوَازِيل, مَدَام and سِتّ
 * names of cities and countries such as مَصْر
 * names of letters such as أَلِب
 * a number of nouns many of which refer to body parts such as أَرْض, إِيد, بَطْن, بَلَد, حَرْب, دَار, دَقْن, دِمَاغ, شَمْس, رَاس, رِجْل, طَرِيق, طِيز, عَين, عالَم, قَدَم, مَرْكِب, نَار, نَفُوج, نَاس, نَفْس, نَفْس and وِدْن

In some cases a final shortened ـى and ـا (from <*ـاء) is reinterpreted as a feminine suffix and the noun functions as feminine, e.g. مُسْتَشْفَى and إِمْضَا.

Construct state
Nouns assume the construct state when they are definite and modified by another noun as the first term in a iḍāfah (Classical Arabic: إِضَافَةٌ), the Arabic realization of a genitive construction.

The second term of the iḍāfah (in Classical Arabic: المُضاف إلَيْهِ) can be a noun or a possessive suffix. If a possessive suffixed is attached to a short vowel the vowel is subject to pre-suffix vowel lengthening.

A few masculine nouns change in construct state, e.g. أَبّ becomes أَبُو; أَخّ becomes أَخُو.

The feminine suffix ـة is changed to -it in construct state, e.g. أُوضِة نَوم and أُوضِتِي. Deviating from this for the construct state of مَرَة (<Classical Arabic: مَرْأَة) مِرَاة (<Classical Arabic: اِمْرَأَة) is used; for the construct state of حَمَة/حَمَاة حَمَاة is used.

triliteral root (Q40437546)
TODO notation:
 * harmonize notation of long vowels with two letters or letter with macron
 * use F3L₁L₂ notation because e.g. "CiCCiC" can be "Fi33iL" or from quadriliteral root, also change in Wikidata
 * (DONE) consider notation, see also International Phonetic Alphabet


 * 1 syllable
 * CvCC:
 * CaCC: =SA (adj)
 * CiCC: =SA (adj)
 * CuCC: =SA/<SA: CaaCiC (adj)
 * Cv̄C
 * CāC (from roots med. inf., like CaCaC or CaCC)
 * CēC (from roots med. y, like CaCC)
 * CīC (from roots med. w or y, like CiCC)
 * CōC (from roots med. /w/, like CaCC)
 * CūC (from roots med. /w/, like CuCC)
 * 2 syllables
 * CvCv (from roots tert. inf.)
 * CaCa (like CaCaC or CaCāC)
 * CaCi (like CaCīC) (adj)
 * CiCa (like CiCāC)
 * CiCi (like CiCīC)
 * CuCa (like CuCāC)
 * CvCvC
 * CaCaC
 * CiCiC (adj)
 * CiCaC
 * CuCaC (adj)
 * CuCuC (adj)
 * CvCv̄C
 * CaCāC
 * CaCīC ~ CiCīC (with back(?) ~ with front consonants(?)) (adj)
 * CayyiC (from roots med. inf.) (adj)
 * CaCūC (adj)
 * CiCāC
 * CiCēC
 * CuCāC (adj)
 * CuCūC ~ CiCūC
 * CuCēC
 * CvCvCC
 * CaCaCC
 * CaCiCC
 * CiCiCC(a)
 * CuCuCC
 * Cv̄CvC
 * CāCaC (cf. map 122 for this and for CāCiC)
 * CāCiC (PA > adj)
 * CiiCiC
 * CeeCaC
 * CooCaC
 * CuuCiC
 * CvCCa
 * CaCCa
 * CiCCa
 * CuCCa
 * CvCCvC
 * CaCCiC (adj)
 * CiCCiC (concrete nouns)
 * CuCCuC
 * CuCCaC (adj)
 * CvCCv̄C
 * CaCCaaC (adj (intensive))
 * CaCCiiC (adj)
 * CaCCooC
 * CaCCuuC
 * CiCCaaC
 * CiCCeeC
 * CiCCiiC (adj)
 * CuCCaaC
 * CuCCeeC
 * 3 syllables
 * CvCvCv
 * CaCaCa
 * CaCaCi (error in Woidich: "CaCaCa") (adj)
 * CiCaCi (adj)
 * CuCaCi (adj)
 * CvCv̄Cv
 * CaCaaCa
 * CaCaaCi
 * CaCiiCa ~ CiCiiCa
 * CaCuuCa
 * CiCaaCa
 * CiCeeCa
 * CiCeeCi
 * CuCaaCa
 * CuCeeCa
 * CuCeeCi
 * CuCuuCa ~ CiCuuCa
 * CvCayyvC
 * CuCayyiC ~ CiCayyiC (adj)
 * Fu3ayyaL (not in Woidich)
 * CvCvCCv (error in Woidich: not centered)
 * CuCuCCa ~ CaCuCCa ~ CaCuCCi
 * CvCCvCv
 * CiCCiCa
 * CvCCv̄Cv
 * CaCCaaCa
 * CaCCaaCi (adj)
 * CaCCiiCa
 * CaCCuuCa
 * CiCCeeCa
 * CuCCaaCa (adj)
 * CuCCeeCa
 * CuCCeeCi
 * with "Postformativ"(Woidich)/suffix(?) -ān
 * CaCCān (adj)
 * CuCCān
 * CaCaCān: verbal nouns
 * with "Präformativen"(Woidich)/prefixes(?)
 * aCCaC (adj: colors, personal characteristics)
 * maCv̄C(a) (from roots med. inf.) ~ maCaCC(a) (from roots med. gem.)
 * maCCaC
 * maCCaCa
 * maCCūC: PP
 * miCaCC ~ miCaCCa (from roots med. gem.)
 * miCCāC (adj)
 * miCCiC (adj)
 * muCCāC
 * taCCīCa: nomen vicis ; "Konkretisierung des Verbalnomens"

quadriliteral root (Q25563977)

 * 2 syllables
 * CvCvCC
 * CaCCaC
 * CiCCiC (concrete nouns)
 * CuCCiC ~ CuCCuC
 * CaCCīC
 * CaCCōC
 * CaCCūC (adj)
 * CiCCāC (adj)
 * CiCCēC
 * CuCCāC
 * CuCCēC (adj)
 * 3 syllables
 * CvCvCv̄C
 * CaCCaCa
 * CiCCiCa
 * CuCCaCa
 * CaCCīCa
 * CaCCūCa
 * CuCCēCa
 * 4 syllables
 * CaCaCāCa
 * CvCvCvCCa: "Scherzbildungen"

quinqueliteral root (Q12411577)

 * CvCvCvCC(a)
 * CvCvCCvCi
 * CvCvCCv̄C(a) and similar
 * CvCCvCv̄C(a) and similar

Broken noun plural
cf.

Noun and adjective derivation
(heading like Arabic nouns and adjectives) cf.:

Verbal nouns of form I


TODO: adapt and fill in the following table!

Adjectival stem forms
cf.

"Table (50) shows that adjectival stem forms which are identical in SA and EA have one of six templates: [CVCC], [CVCVC], [CVCVVC], [CVCCVVC], [CVCCaan], or [?aCCVC]. The last template is also used in comparative forms (See 4.6.2)."

Adjectives follow several stem forms or patterns. The nominal patterns for adjectives are often the same like those for nouns. But some are especially used for adjectives, e.g. Fa3iiL (فَعِيل faʿīl), Fa3uuL, Fi3aLi and Fu3aLi.

In most cases the unmarked adjective forms are the forms for the masculine singular or the forms for all genders and numbers. An exception is the pattern Fa3La for feminine adjectives corresponding to the masculine aF3aL.

The following table shows known adjective patterns, their consonant/vowel templates and their equivalents in Standard Arabic (SA).


 * Root type
 * Given if it is only used for root types that are not sound (was before: "sound" can also mean not sound root types use the same pattern/does not mean not sound root types use another pattern)

TODO:


 * perhaps add complex stems from and from Woidich 2006 suffix stuff

Inflection for gender

 * masculine: unmarked
 * feminine:
 * suffix -a
 * -i + ya > -iiya > -iyya
 * participles with the pattern CaaCi: elision of the -i: CaaCi + ya > CaaCiya > CaCya
 * aCCaC (aF3aL): CaCCa (Fa3La)
 * some: feminine used rarely, e.g. mazbut, sa3b, sa77, makhsus, kiteer or genderless: baladi, miiri and some color adjectives: burtu2aani, bunni, ramaadi


 * Fa3Laan: Fa3Laana (SA: Fa3Laa)

Sound adjective plural

 * CiCiC, CaCCaan, CaCCaaC, CaCuuC, CuCayyiC, CaCCuuC and with nisba -i: plural with suffix -iin
 * CaCCiiC: plural suffix -a (TODO: is this sound? listed as external plural by

Broken adjective plural
cf. , ,


 * aCCaC: CuCC
 * roots med. inf.: abyaD, biiD, a3war
 * CaCiiC ~ CiCiiC: mostly CuCaaC, also CuCaCa (: for "Fa3iiL" plural: "Fu3aaL"; exceptions take "Fu3aLa" and "Fi3aL" (error? is "Fi3aL" meant?))
 * ??? (from roots tert. inf.): aCCiyya (: "?aF3iya"; exceptions with only or also "Fu3aay")

Elative
cf. ,

Elative adjectives (those adjectives having a comparative and superlative meaning) aren't inflected (as they are in Standard Arabic); instead, one form serves for all genders and numbers.


 * aCCaC (aF3aL)
 * aCaCC (aFa33) (from roots med. gem.) (rule: Identical-Consonant Metathesis)
 * aCCa (from roots tert. inf.)
 * aCwaC/aCyaC (from roots med. inf.)


 * also participles
 * also nouns


 * participles and nouns: partly formed with following aktar
 * adjectives: CaCCaan, CaCCaaC, CaCuuC etc. and nisba -i: following aktar

Table of verb forms
model: Arabic verbs

Patterns of quadriliteral roots (roots with four radicals) are typically given using the dummy verb faʿlal (root: ف-ع-ل-ل). However, the choice of this particular verb is somewhat non-ideal in that the third and fourth consonants of an actual verb are typically not the same, despite the same consonant used for both; this is a particular problem e.g. for form IVq. The verb table below uses the dummy verb faʿlaq (root: ف-ع-ل-ق) instead.

Rare forms are marked in silver.

Note: XI is not the same as MSA XI (maybe put in a note)


 * regexes:
 * to insert lang tag template: (.+?) => $1
 * to make Hinds/Badawi sfn: =>

TODO:
 * CURRENT STATE: vn column finished in a first state (2022-11-12)
 * common derived AP missing: VIIt R3=G; X 1a, 2b; X+II R2=G, doubled; X+III; ista+Iq (=8 (3 until X); fa3laan adjective (Watson term)
 * ✅ check whitespace/line breaks for verbal noun column
 * use better source for verbal noun column than Spitta (only form 1 sound?) (I've written a section in mainspace based on Gadalla)
 * add anchors for quadriliteral patterns and revise all anchors
 * ✅ evaluate APs from Abdel-Massih after mitbargil
 * evaluate verbal noun patterns from Abdel-Massih (done until form X, following text might not be completely evaluated)
 * make the non-existence of examples for doubled roots for some patterns explicit by adding rows with footnotes or otherwise
 * other source for X1b???
 * evaluate Woidich 2006 vn for derived forms of defective roots, ends simply -la, is similarly given somewhere in H/B I think
 * bring note on AP and PP meaning of transitive verb participles to all forms
 * form III disease verbs: maybe adapt Wikidata to "oo"/"ee"?
 * evaluate for u-perfect and all kind (verbal?) ablaut

Questions:
 * pronunciation:
 * "اقشعرّ" (transcribed in Abdel-Massih with "q"). A teacher: pronounced "q" because of the initial i-, this is always like that
 * emphasis spreading from H/B that I think doesn't comply with Watson 2002: istashɑ̄r, ṭɑwɑlān
 * (more) examples for:
 * X+II R2=G, doubled; X+III; ista+Iq, ista7amma

Active participle
Apart from form I the active participle can be derived by taking the 3rd person masculine singular of the imperfect and replacing the prefix يِـ by مِـ. The final ـى of defective verbs of the forms V, t-III and the ista-forms is replaced by ـي. In form IX the 'a' of the imperfect is replaced by 'i' resulting in the pattern مِفْعِلّ.

Same seems to be the case for ista+II and Iq, resulting in:
 * مِسْتَفَعِّل, cf. the table above, the example from Abdel-Massih is &lrm; (يِسْتَلَقَّف) for which gives the AP mistilaQQif,
 * مِفَعْلِل – xxxxx mifaʿlil.

Passive participle


"the passive participle is derived from:"
 * 1) Transitive verbs
 * 2) Verbs whose action is transmitted to a recipient by means of a preposition
 * 3) Passive verbs

often same form as AP

Classicization of participles
For active and passive participles, educated speakers usually use the prefix مُـ instead of مِـ with another change imitating Standard Arabic, the insertion of ـَ before the first radical in forms V, VI and IIq.

In addition, for passive participles they use a/ā instead of the i/ī of the active participle before the last radical.

Classicisms esp. with form IV.

Differentiation of AP and PP by educated speakers:
 * classicism with "a" for PP for differentiation
 * sometimes this cannot be used, then:
 * AP from active form, PP from passive form
 * mi- for AP, mu- for PP ("usually employed when the verb is an active form with no corresponding passive form")

Examples to use
if available take first (=most used) example from otherwise from  or from the introduction of, if nothing else fall back to

TODO: test if Wiktionary entry is already created, if not create it


 * general: numbers from without strong verbs 1 and 2
 * defective
 * 6 (L = alif (maqsura))
 * 6' (+F = hamza)
 * 7 (L = yaa)
 * hollow
 * 5
 * doubled
 * 3
 * hamza
 * 4 (F = hamza)
 * 6': see above
 * no C3, only C1, C2
 * 8

Attributive Verbindungen
See

Adjectives as attributes

 * plural of things -> declined adjective in feminine form
 * plural of a small number of things -> optionally declined adjective in plural form
 * plural of persons -> declined adjective in plural form

nisba adjectives only decline if referring to female persons

If for an adjective both broken and sound plural forms exist, there might be rule when to use which (according to my personal oral information).

Verbal phrase
See

Active participles
See:
 * review:
 * (cf. also Compte-rendu de lecture)
 * review:
 * (cf. also Compte-rendu de lecture)
 * (cf. also Compte-rendu de lecture)

according to native teacher: usages:
 * like simple present (lissa = already)
 * for something in a state/like present progressive or near future
 * like past perfect/present perfect (this is like resultative described by Woidich 2006?)

Literature
should get sorted inside the categories by date of original publication (or real new edition) TODO: probably sort like the sorting in

Dictionaries etc.

 * supplement:
 * errata:
 * p. 356, راح: imperfect vowel "(u)" is missing
 * (ULB Münster Islam (OSM) BC 128; DAI Kairo)
 * review:
 * errata:
 * p. 356, راح: imperfect vowel "(u)" is missing
 * (ULB Münster Islam (OSM) BC 128; DAI Kairo)
 * review:

Grammar etc.

 * errata:
 * 7.153, p. 104: replace "consittute" with "constitute"
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * (cf. also Compte-rendu de lecture)
 * (ULB Münster Ng 57 c1, UB München 1207/Mh 321)
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * errata:
 * 2.3.8.2, p. 88: "inKiKāK" instead of "inKikāK"
 * 2.4.2.1.3, p. 99: ru2ayya2, Sughayyar, q(2)uSayyar listed as "KuKayyiK ~ KiKayyiK"
 * 2.4.2.1.3, p. 99: "KvKvKKv": not centered
 * 2.4.9.3.1, p. 115: "Struktur" instead of "Striktur"
 * 2.4.9.6, p. 124: "KuKaKi" instead of "KuKaki"
 * 2.3.8.2, p. 88: "inKiKāK" instead of "inKikāK"
 * 2.4.2.1.3, p. 99: ru2ayya2, Sughayyar, q(2)uSayyar listed as "KuKayyiK ~ KiKayyiK"
 * 2.4.2.1.3, p. 99: "KvKvKKv": not centered
 * 2.4.9.3.1, p. 115: "Struktur" instead of "Striktur"
 * 2.4.9.6, p. 124: "KuKaKi" instead of "KuKaki"

Textbooks and teaching material

 * review:
 * (ULB Münster Ng 57 b2)
 * review:
 * (ULB Münster Ng 57 b2)
 * review:
 * (ULB Münster Ng 57 b2)
 * (ULB Münster Ng 57 b2)
 * (ULB Münster Ng 57 b2)

Varia before 1920

 * (TODO: correct name splitting?)
 * (2nd rev. and enl. ed., 1905-1913) (TODO: add "A key to the exercises in the Spoken Arabic of Egypt. London, D. Nutt, 1913. 88 p.")
 * (2nd rev. and enl. ed., 1905-1913) (TODO: add "A key to the exercises in the Spoken Arabic of Egypt. London, D. Nutt, 1913. 88 p.")
 * (2nd rev. and enl. ed., 1905-1913) (TODO: add "A key to the exercises in the Spoken Arabic of Egypt. London, D. Nutt, 1913. 88 p.")
 * (2nd rev. and enl. ed., 1905-1913) (TODO: add "A key to the exercises in the Spoken Arabic of Egypt. London, D. Nutt, 1913. 88 p.")
 * (2nd rev. and enl. ed., 1905-1913) (TODO: add "A key to the exercises in the Spoken Arabic of Egypt. London, D. Nutt, 1913. 88 p.")
 * (2nd rev. and enl. ed., 1905-1913) (TODO: add "A key to the exercises in the Spoken Arabic of Egypt. London, D. Nutt, 1913. 88 p.")
 * (2nd rev. and enl. ed., 1905-1913) (TODO: add "A key to the exercises in the Spoken Arabic of Egypt. London, D. Nutt, 1913. 88 p.")

Varia after 1950

 * (available on hathitrust)
 * errata:
 * p. 294: first pattern of II sound imperfect should read "yiFaʕʕaL" instead of "yiFaʕʕiL"
 * p. 303: verbal noun of X hollow should read "istiFaaLa" instead of "istaFaaLa" matching the two examples and other sources like examples from Hinds/Badawi
 * errata:
 * p. 294: first pattern of II sound imperfect should read "yiFaʕʕaL" instead of "yiFaʕʕiL"
 * p. 303: verbal noun of X hollow should read "istiFaaLa" instead of "istaFaaLa" matching the two examples and other sources like examples from Hinds/Badawi
 * errata:
 * p. 294: first pattern of II sound imperfect should read "yiFaʕʕaL" instead of "yiFaʕʕiL"
 * p. 303: verbal noun of X hollow should read "istiFaaLa" instead of "istaFaaLa" matching the two examples and other sources like examples from Hinds/Badawi
 * p. 303: verbal noun of X hollow should read "istiFaaLa" instead of "istaFaaLa" matching the two examples and other sources like examples from Hinds/Badawi


 * : a second edition has been published
 * review:
 * (Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients / Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients / Reihe B / Geisteswissenschaften ; Nr. 50)
 * Band 1. Einleitung und anmerkungen zu den Karten (DNB 850435145)
 * vol. 2:
 * Band 3. Texte I. Delta-Dialekte
 * Band 3. Texte. II. Niltaldialekte - III. Oasendialekte
 * Band 4. Glossar Arabisch-Deutsch
 * Band 5. Glossar Deutsch-Arabisch.
 * vol. 2:
 * Band 3. Texte I. Delta-Dialekte
 * Band 3. Texte. II. Niltaldialekte - III. Oasendialekte
 * Band 4. Glossar Arabisch-Deutsch
 * Band 5. Glossar Deutsch-Arabisch.


 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:

TODO: use Harrell (and lexilogos) more and describe stuff, state what is reviewed

Meta

 * (reviews material available at that point)
 * : "3.2. Egypt and Sudan", p. 853-854
 * : "3.2. Egypt and Sudan", p. 853-854

Ressource collections:
 * Vienna Corpus of Arabic Varieties (VICAV)
 * https://public.websites.umich.edu/~archive/linguistics/texts/biblio/arablingbib.txt (quite some search hits for "Egypt", "Cair")
 * Language Arabic (Egyptian) in WALS Online: some more literature
 * (ara + varieties:) https://complit.la.psu.edu/languages/arabic/student-resources/ (not that useful)
 * (ara + arz etc.:) https://arabic.desert-sky.net/links.html#egy
 * https://www.lexilogos.com/english/arabic_egyptian.htm
 * https://subjectguides.uwaterloo.ca/studiesinislam/lanaguage
 * https://www.mei.edu/education/oman-library/resource-guides/arabic-language
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20060822064328/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&links=51 (linked from Egyptian Arabic, looks more or less useless for arz at first glance)
 * Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte, vol. 4, bibliography: https://brill.com/view/book/9789004462656/back-1.xml?language=de
 * https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Arabic%20language%20%2d%2d%20Dialects%20%2d%2d%20Egypt
 * https://reichert-verlag.de/de/autor/w/woidich_manfred
 * https://reichert-verlag.de/de/autor/w/woidich_manfred

Proverbs/expressions etc.

 * https://blogs.transparent.com/arabic/egyptian-proverbs-5/
 * https://arabic.desert-sky.net/colloq.html
 * Kotb, Sigrun: Körperteilbezogene Phraseologismen im Ägyptisch-Arabischen. Wiesbaden. 2002
 * Mughazy, Mustafa: Dardasha", let's speak Egyptian Arabic: a multidimensional approach to the teaching and learning of Egyptian Arabic as a foreign language. Madison. 2004
 * Mughazy, Mustafa: Dardasha", let's speak Egyptian Arabic: a multidimensional approach to the teaching and learning of Egyptian Arabic as a foreign language. Madison. 2004

Lexicography

 * Peterson, Jennifer Leigh: Contemporary Cairene Youth Terminology: Linguistic Deviation or Social Art?. In: Aspects of the dialects of Arabic today: Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the International Arabic Dialectology Association (AIDA), Marrakesh, April 1-4, 2000. In honour of Professor David Cohen: 422-429 (ed. Abderrahim Youssi). Rabat. Amapatril. 2002
 * Rosenbaum, Gabriel M.: Curses, insults and taboo words in Egyptian Arabic: In daily speech and written literature. In: Romano-Arabica 19: 153-188. 2019
 * Shoubary, Iman el: Neologisms in Egyptian Arabic 1990-2003. In: Acta Orientalia: Ediderunt Societates Orientales Danica Fennica Norvegica Svecica 65: 7-17. 2004
 * Audebert, Claude: Dictionnaire contextuel raisonné des verbes du dialecte égyptien (parler du Caire) arabe-français. In: Lisan al-arab: Studies in Contemporary Arabic Dialects. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of AIDA. Qatar University 2013: 45-59 (eds. Muntasir F. Al-Hamad; Rizwan Ahmed; Hafid I. Aloui). Vienna. LIT Verlag. 2016
 * Ejibadze, Nino: Cursing and reviling formulas in the Egyptian Arabic dialect. In: Romano-Arabica 19: 93-98. 2019
 * Hassan, Ashraf F.: Loan verbs in Egyptian Arabic: Perspectives and evidence from social media. In: Arabic in Contact: 161-170 (eds. Stefano Manfredi; Mauro Tosco). Amsterdam & Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2018
 * Lakusta, Valeriia: Ways of Expressing Verbal Aggression in Egyptian Arabic. In: Studies on Arabic Dialectology and Sociolinguistics: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of AIDA held in Marseille from May 30th to June 2nd 2017 (eds. Catherine Miller; Alexandrine Barontini; Marie-Aimée Germanos; Jairo Guerrero; Christophe Pereira). Aix-en-Provence. IREMAM. 2019
 * Provençal, Philippe; Skaarup, Birgit: Arabic Fish Names gathered at the fish market in Hurghada (al-Ġardaqah) May 2011. In: Journal of Semitic Studies 61: 231-246. 2016
 * Rizk, Sherin: Euphémisme et/ou violence verbale féminine. Sur le comportement langagier de jeunes filles cairotes. In: Studies on Arabic Dialectology and Sociolinguistics: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of AIDA held in Marseille from May 30th to June 2nd 2017 (eds. Catherine Miller; Alexandrine Barontini; Marie-Aimée Germanos; Jairo Guerrero; Christophe Pereira). Aix-en-Provence. IREMAM. 2019
 * Zawrotna, Magdalena: The Use of Taboo – Related Words in Egyptian Arabic a Sociolinguistic Approach to (Im)Politeness. In: Arabic Varieties: Far and Wide. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of AIDA – Bucharest, 2015: 569-578 (eds. George Grigore; Gabriel Bițună). Bucharest. Editura Universității din București. 2016
 * Zawrotna, Magdalena: Taboo-based intensifiers in Arabic and Polish. In: Folia Orientalia - Bibliotheca 1: 181-197. 2018
 * Zawrotna, Magdalena: Taboo-based intensifiers in Arabic and Polish. In: Folia Orientalia - Bibliotheca 1: 181-197. 2018

Phonology



 * more from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Radwa-Fathi


 * Norlin, K.: A phonetic study of emphasis and vowels in Egyptian Arabic. Lund. Lund University. 1987
 * Saad, Saad Mohamed: Estudio fonológico del sistema vocálico del árabe hablado en El Cairo. In: Awrāq: Estudios sobre el Mundo Arabe e Islámico Contemporáneo 21: 81-95. 2000
 * Salem, Hanaa: Phonological processes in connected speech in colloquial Egyptian Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics: Papers from the annual symposium on Arabic linguistics. Volume XVII–XVIII: Alexandria, 2003 and Norman, Oklahoma 2004: 69-84 (eds. Mohammad T. Alhawary; Elabbas Benmamoun). Amsterdam. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2005
 * Ward, Nigel: A prosodic feature that invites back-channels in Egyptian Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XX: 187-206. Amsterdam. Benjamins. 2007
 * Welden, A.: Stress in Cairo Arabic. In: Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 10: 99-121. 1980
 * Youssef, Islam: Emphasis Spread in Cairene Arabic: a Reassessment. In: Alf lahǧa wa lahǧa : proceedings of the 9th Aida Conference: 455-464 (eds. Olivier Durand; Angela Daiana Langone; Giuliano Mion). Wien. LIT Verlag. 2014
 * Aquil, Rajaa; Aquil, Rajaa: Empirical evidence: Stress as a perceptual unit in Cairene spoken Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics. Papers from the annual symposia on Arabic Linguistics. Volume XXII–XXIII: College Park, Maryland, 2008 and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2009: 3-20 (eds. Ellen Broselow; Hamid Ouali). Amsterdam - Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2011
 * Kabrah, Rawiah S.: Regressive voicing assimilation in Cariene Arabic*. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics. Papers from the annual symposia on Arabic Linguistics. Volume XXII–XXIII: College Park, Maryland, 2008 and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2009: 21-33 (eds. Ellen Broselow; Hamid Ouali). Amsterdam - Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2011

Morphology

 * (not specifically for Egyptian Arabic)

Historic

 * UB München 1207/Ab 337, ULB Münster Arabistik E 120 a1

from the last:
 * Nolden’s Vocabulaire français arabe (1844),
 * Zenker’s Vocabulaire phraséologique français-arabe (1854, published under the pseudonym Barthélémy),
 * Sacroug’s The Egyptian Travelling Interpreter (1874Google Scholar),
 * De Vaujany & Radouan’s Vocabulaire français-arabe (1887)


 * Zack, Elisabeth: Colloquial Arabic in the 17th century: Yūsuf al-Maġribī's Egyptian-Arabic wordlist. In: : 373-389. 2004
 * Zack, Liesbeth: Nineteenth-Century Cairo Arabic as Described by Qadrī and Naḫla. In: Arabic Varieties: Far and Wide. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of AIDA – Bucharest, 2015: 557-567 (eds. George Grigore; Gabriel Bițună). Bucharest. Editura Universității din București. 2016
 * Kallas, Elie: Phonétique des dialectes de Bagdad, d’Alep et du Caire (1842-1845) d’après Elie Bérézine. In: Alf lahǧa wa lahǧa : proceedings of the 9th Aida Conference: 213-223 (eds. Olivier Durand; Angela Daiana Langone; Giuliano Mion). Wien. LIT Verlag. 2014

Written Egyptian Arabic



 * Doss, Madiha: Ḥāl id-Dunyā: an Arabic news bulletin in colloquial (ʿāmmiya). In: Arabic and the media: linguistic analyses and applications: 123-140 (ed. Reem Bassiouney). Leiden. Brill. 2010
 * Haland, Eva Marie: Adab sākhir (Satirical Literature) and the Use of Egyptian Vernacular. In: The politics of written language in the Arab world: writing change: 142-165 (eds. Jacob Hoigilt; Gunvor Mejdell). Leiden. Brill. 2017
 * Hoigilt, Jacob: Dialect with an Attitude: Language and Criticism in New Egyptian Print Media. In: The politics of written language in the Arab world: writing change: 166-189 (eds. Jacob Hoigilt; Gunvor Mejdell). Leiden. Brill. 2017
 * Ibrahim, Zeinab: Cases of written code-switching in Egyptian opposition newspapers. In: Arabic and the media: linguistic analyses and applications: 23-45 (ed. Reem Bassiouney). Leiden & Boston. Brill. 2010
 * Kindt, Kristian Takvam; Kebede, Tewodros Aragie: A Language for the People?: Quantitative Indicators of Written dārija and ͑āmmiyya in Cairo and Rabat. In: The politics of written language in the Arab world: writing change: 18-40 (eds. Jacob Hoigilt; Gunvor Mejdell). Leiden. Brill. 2017
 * Kosoff, Zoë: Code-Switching in Egyptian Arabic: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Twitter. In: Al-'Arabiyya 47: 83-99. 2014

Sociolinguistics

 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
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 * review:

Check out and sort

 * McCarthy, John J.: The length of stem-final vowels in colloquial Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic linguistics XVII-XVIII: papers from the seventeenth and eighteenth annual symposia on Arabic Linguistics: 1-26 (eds. Mohammad T. Alhawary; Elabbas Benmamoun). Amsterdam & Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2005
 * Stevens, Virginia; Salib, Maurice Boulos: A pocket dictionary of the spoken Arabic of Cairo: English-Arabic. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. 1987
 * Stevens, V.: Compiling an English-to-Egyptian-Arabic dictionary: difficulties encountered. In: Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El-Said Badawi: 145-156. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. 1996
 * Wilmsen, D.: ḥāga tāni?: an examination of degendered adjectival agreement in Cairene Arabic. In: Al-ʿArabiyya 32: 215-234. 2000
 * Woidich, Manfred: Everything you always wanted to know about 'āl, yi'ūl "to say" in Egyptian Arabic. In: : 675-700. 2007
 * Youssef, Ahmad Abdel-Hamid: From Pharaoh's lips: ancient Egyptian language in the Arabic today. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. 2003
 * Youssef, Islam: Against Underlying Mid Vowels in Cairene Arabic. In: Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik: 5-38. 2010
 * Dickins, James: Dialects of Egypt and Sudan. In: The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook: 935-952 (ed. ). Berlin & Boston. De Gruyter Mouton. 2011
 * Lexus (ed.); Rough Guides (ed.): Egyptian Arabic: Rough guide dictionary phrasebook. London. Rough Guides. 1998
 * Nakao, Shuichiro: Pidgins on the Nile: Europeans and Broken Arabic, from Egypt to Uganda. In: Lisan al-arab: Studies in Contemporary Arabic Dialects. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of AIDA. Qatar University 2013: 219-233 (eds. Muntasir F. Al-Hamad; Rizwan Ahmed; Hafid I. Aloui). Vienna. LIT Verlag. 2016
 * Taha, Zeinab A; Badawi, El-Said M: Revisiting levels of contemporary Arabic in Egypt: essays on Arabic varieties in memory of El-Said Badawi. 2020
 * corpus-based master's thesis: Michael G. White:
 * corpus-based master's thesis: Michael G. White:
 * corpus-based master's thesis: Michael G. White:

Extent of the dialect:

Arabic computational linguistics

 * [CAMEL POS Schema and Guidelines https://camel-guidelines.readthedocs.io/en/latest/morphology/]
 * errata/corrigenda: inconsistent period after "et al"
 * CALIMA star paper
 * unimorph shared task paper
 * errata/corrigenda: inconsistent period after "et al"
 * CALIMA star paper
 * unimorph shared task paper

Other
for general Arabic dialectology: architecture in Egypt: Jordanian:
 * review:
 * review:
 * review:
 * (ULB Münster Islamw. Re 824 a1 and others)
 * https://lingualism.com/egyptian-arabic/
 * https://lingualism.com/egyptian-arabic/