User:Martsniez/auteursrecht

Limitations and exceptions to Dutch copyright
Limitations and exceptions to copyright are harmonised in the 2001 Copyright Directive of the European Union. This directive allows 21 specific limitations or exceptions. Of this list only temporary acts of reproductions is a mandatory exception to copyright within the European Union. The Netherlands has adopted 17 of these limitations and exceptions :
 * Temporary acts of reproduction
 * Photocopying/photo-reproduction
 * Private copying
 * Reproductions by Libraries, Archives & Museums
 * Ephemeral recordings made by broadcasters
 * Illustration for teaching or scientific research
 * Use for the benefit of people with a disability
 * Reporting by the press on current events
 * Quotation for criticism or review
 * Use for public security purposes
 * Use of public speeches and public lectures
 * Use during religious or official celebrations
 * Use of works of architecture or sculptures in public spaces
 * Incidental inclusion
 * Use for advertising the exhibition or sale of works of art
 * Use for the purpose of caricature, parody or pastiche
 * Use for the purpose of research or private study

Pre-existing exceptions and limitations
The European Union Copyright Directive also allows for pre-existing limitations and exceptions that existed in national legislation prior to the adoption of the directive. The Netherlands has four further notable limitations and exceptions to copyright:
 * The further communication to the public or* reproduction of a literary, scientific or artistic work communicated to the public by or on behalf of the public authorities shall not be deemed an infringement of the copyright in such a work, unless the copyright has been explicitly reserved, either in a general manner by law, decree or ordinance, or in a specific case by a notice on the work itself or at the communication to the public. Even if no such reservation has been made, the author shall retain the exclusive right to have appear, in the form of a collection, his works which have been communicated to the public by or on behalf of the public authorities.
 * The lending as referred to in article 12, paragraph 1, sub 3., of the whole or part of a specimen of the work or a reproduction thereof brought into circulation by or with the consent of the right-holder shall not be deemed an infringement of copyright, provided the person doing or arranging the lending pays an equitable remuneration. The first sentence shall not apply to a work referred to in article 10, paragraph 1, sub 12., unless that work is part of a data carrier containing data and serves exclusively to make the said data accessible.
 * Congregational singing and the instrumental accompaniment thereof during a religious service shall not be deemed an infringement of the copyright in a literary or artistic work.
 * The reproduction of a portrait by or on behalf of the person portrayed or, after his death, by or on behalf of his relatives, shall not be deemed an infringement of copyright.