User:Mary.p2019/sandbox

Training Exercise: Evaluating Wikipedia—"Psithyrus" Article

Evaluating Content

Everything in the article was relevant.

Only a few species within the subgenus were listed, so more could be added to make a more complete article. Additionally, more citations could be added to give greater credibility to the behavior biology section of the article, which talks about how the females of the species exploits the nests of other Bombus sp.

As more information is added, the article could be improved by breaking it down into sub sections, such as a section for behavior and another for evolutionary history.

Evaluating Tone

The article is neutral, simply stating the facts. No claims appear biased towards any position.

No view points are over represented or under represented.

Evaluating Sources

There is only 1 citation for the information given, and it does not have a URL to link to the source. However, the citation is in a format used by scientific journal entries, and gives enough information to allow others to easily find the original source.

There are some facts that are lacking citations/references—the ones dealing with the loss of abilities, the loss of the worker case, and how the females of the species within this subgenus parasitize the nests of other Bombus sp.

The fact that is referenced (that the species in this subgenus used to constitute an entirely separate genus until recent phylogenetic analyses were done) does come from a reputable source (a journal article published in the journal Systematic Entomology), which is definitely a neutral source given the standards of scientific journals.

Talk Page

There are no conversations going on about how to represent this topic.

This article appears to be a part of WikiProjects Insects. It is rated as Start-Class on the project's quality scale and as Mid-Importance on the importance scale.

Since we have not talked about this topic in class yet, there is no way to compare whether or not the way Wikipedia talks about it differs.

'''Add to an article training module. Holcopasites calliopsidis edits summary.'''

Added a "Hosts" section to the H. calliopsidis article, with information on a known and a possible hosts of H. calliopsidis. Used two new references, which were cited in the article.

Sources discovered by myself for development of the Augochloropsis article, which have been added to the talk page:

Coelho, B. W. T. (2002). The biology of the primitively eusocial Augochloropsis iris (Schrottky, 1902)(Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Insectes Sociaux, 49(2), 181-190.

Designation of sociality

Radchenko, V. G., & Pesenko, Y. A. (1994). Biology of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Saint-Petersburg: Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Refer to page 18 that lays out stages of sociality in bees.

Packer, L., Genaro, J. A., & Sheffield, C. S. (2007). The bee genera of eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 3(3), 1-32.

Information on the genus Augochloropsis, with additional notes on Augochloropsis metallica and, as well as identification to genus.

Bees of the World by Michener (2007).

Augochloropsis Outline (Mary and Connor)
Description and Identification

Species of the genus Augochloropsis are generally between 8 to 12 mm long and often bright green in color, with some exceptions occurring regionally, such as the deep blue and purple colors of the Augochloropsis sp. inhabiting southeastern coastal areas of North America (Mitchell 1960).

Augochloropsis sp. of North American can be recognized at the genus level by the presence of 3 submarginal cells and a strongly arched basal vein on the forewing, the presence of the jugal lobe on the hind wing, the presence of tibial spurs on the hind leg, the absence of a corbicula structure on the hind leg, short basitibial plates, a deep cleft dividing the pseudopygidial area of the abdomen, and the lack of a distinct carniate rim on the back of the thorax (Packer et al. 2007).

Geographic Distribution

The vast majority of species of Augochloropsis are found primarily in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere (Choe and Crepsai, 1997). A few Augochloropsis species are found in the temperate regions of North America, but no species have managed to successfully exploit niches present in the subarctic zone (Choe and Crepsai,1997).

Three species of Augochloropsis--A. anonyma, A. metallica, and A. sumptuosa--occur in the United States (Droege et al., n.d.), (Mitchell 1960).

Nesting Behavior

Augochloropsis nests' begin with one long main burrow, dug out of soft ground, that extends straight down. This main burrow has a lateral burrow that extends outward horizontally, perpendicular to the main. Cells all hang vertically down from this one lateral burrow, a sort of clustering that is common for all genera in the tribe Augochlorini (Eickwort and Sakagami 1979). Aside from this, the overall structure of one main burrow and one lateral burrow is considered unique within the tribe.

Sociality

A broad spectrum of social behaviors have been observed in the tropical Augochloropsis species. These range from solitary, to communal, semisocial, and even eusocial nesting behavior (Gibbs 2017). A few faunal studies have looked at North American species as well. A. sumptuosa has been studied in New Jersey and Kansas and has been found to be either communal or semisocial. Some species have even been observed to nest in aggregations, where the openings of several nests are located just within centimeters of each other (Michener 1959).

Some evidence has been found of division of labor or partitioning of social roles to some extent within this genus. An excavated nest of A. metallica in Michigan lead to the discovery of two female nest-mates with different levels of ovarian development that was determined not to be due simply to the age of the individuals. This was interpreted as strongly indicative of division of labor within this species, suggesting at least that individuals have varying levels of reproductive responsibility within a nest. This may be a larger pattern found within the social species of this genus (Gibbs 2017).

As noted previously, there is a large amount of behavioral variability observed within Augochlorine bees. As such, it may be possible that many species display polyethism, or differences in sociality and work activity among different members of a species (Gibbs 2017). Unlike certain species who may be reliably eusocial or reliably solitary, members of Augochloropsis seem to show a lot of behavioral plasticity. It is not very well known what factors determine the sociality of an individual, but it does seem clear that individuals of this species are quite variable in this regard.

Diet

Augochloropsis sp. are classified as polyletic (Porter 1983), a term which indicates that Augochloropsis sp. are incredibly broad generalists that collects pollen from more than 3 families of plants (Cane and Sipes 2006). Factors that may predispose bees to a more generalist lifestyle include social lifestyles, long windows of adult activity, and species which produce more than two generations of offspring a year (Cane and Sipes 2006). Examples of these conditions associated with more generalist pollen diets among the Augochloropsis species include Augochloropsis anonyma, whose adults are active between April and September in the northern portion of its range and year round within its range in southern Florida (Mitchell 1960) and A. iris, which is a South American species that is primitively eusocial and engages in three rounds of brood production over the course year collectively as a species (Coelho 2002).

Floral Associations

All three Augochloropsis species have recorded floral associations with Hypericum (Mitchell 1960).

Additionally, Augochloropsis anonyma has been recorded in association with Baccharis, Bidens, Cirsium, Erigeron, Helenium, Ilex, Linaria, Melilotus, Metopium, Ocimum, Polygonurn, Pycnanthemum, Rhus, Rubus and Trifolium (Mitchell 1960). Augochloropsis sumptuosa has been associated with Asclepias, Berlandiera, Bidens, Clethra, Crataegus, Eriogonum, Eryngium, Helianthus, Melilotus, Silphium, Stachys and Vaccinium (Mitchell 1960).

Augochloropsis metallica has the largest recorded floral associations of the 3 North American temperate species, with 73 floral records for the sub species A. metallica metallica and 17 floral records for the sub species A. metallica fulgida. (Mitchell 1960) Floral records common between the two sub species of A. metallica include Aster, Chrysanthemum, Cornus, Erynigium, Geranium, Ilex, Rhus, Rubus, and Solidago (Mitchell 1960).

References:

Cane, J. H., & Sipes, S. (2006). Characterizing floral specialization by bees: analytical methods and a revised lexicon for oligolecty. Plant-pollinator interactions: from specialization to generalization, 99-122.

Choe, J. C., & Crespi, B. J. (Eds.). (1997). The evolution of social behaviour in insects and arachnids. Cambridge University Press.

Coelho, B. W. T. (2002). The biology of the primitively eusocial Augochloropsis iris (Schrottky, 1902)(Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Insectes Sociaux, 49(2), 181-190.

Droege, S., Jean, R., and Orr, M. (n.d.). Draft bee genera of eastern North America.

https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Bee_genera.

Eickwort, George C., and Shoichi F. Sakagami. 1979. “A Classification of Nest Architecture of Bees in the Tribe Augochlorini with Description of a Brazilian Nest of Rhinocorynura Inflaticeps.” Biotropica 11 (1): 28–37. https://doi.org/10.2307/2388168.

Gibbs, Jason. 2017. “Notes on the Nests of Augochloropsis Metallica Fulgida and Migachile Mucida in Central Michigan.” The Great Lakes Entomologist 50 (1): 17–24.

Michener, Charles. 1959. “Observations on the Behavior of Brazilian Halictid Bees IV. Augochloropsis, with Notes on Extralimital Forms.” American Museum Novitates 1928.

Mitchell, T. B. (1960). Bees of the eastern United States.

Packer, L., Genaro, J. A., & Sheffield, C. S. (2007). The bee genera of eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, 3(3), 1-32.

Porter, C. C. (1983). Ecological notes on Lower Rio Grande Valley Augochloropsis and Agapostemon (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Florida Entomologist, 344-353.

References to Add to Sentences:

Choe and Crepsai

https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qkHHO_SmM_kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA270&dq=augochloropsis+life+history&ots=KIJVH0L80K&sig=XT4PNaZd0ZbkkLuW5ZXZGFv957I#v=onepage&q=augochloropsis%20life%20history&f=false

http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/2492//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1924.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Porter 1983

http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/viewFile/57828/55507

Coelho, 2002

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00040-002-8299-6.pdf

Cane and Sipes 2006 -- Class Article

Packer et al. 2007

https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/42060272/The_bee_genera_of_eastern_Canada20160204-23468-wox6z2.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1551323313&Signature=vUldNpbRexlQfDprtjkZfyR6Ru8%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_Bee_Genera_of_Eastern_Canada.pdf To Do for Edits

References will be added when we the whole article up.

Decided against graphic for distribution because probably can't find a CC one. Already two images on the Augochloropsis page.

Subsection the floral associations section under diet to make the significance more clear (do when adding to Wiki)

?Add lifecycle

Pollen collection -- Not doable at the genus level

Research potential parasites to --Gibbs paper, Rosen ?

Linkages to other articles for terminology (when we go live)

WikiCommons to look at potential images about nesting but unlikely. (Or link to a bee nesting article on wikipedia).

Things that we are going to definitely do.

Link to other pages (terminology)--Mary

Add citations as we publish each paragraph (remove in text citation and use Wikipedia citation tool)--Mary

Research about parasites--Connor

Look for potential extra images--Connor