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Soils
transport processes (e.g. Blackwell et al., 2007; Boxall et al., 2002; Wehrhan et al., 2007) to

sorption processes (e.g. Boxall et al., 2002; Figueroa et al., 2004; Tolls, 2001),

leaching processes (Blackwell et al., 2009; Kay et al., 2005; Spielmeyer et al., 2017).

Surface water
e.g. Boxall et al., 2006; Christian et al., 2003; Hirsch et al., 1999; Kemper, 2008; KWR, 2010; Ouyang et al., 2015; RIVM, 2010, 2007; Sarmah et al., 2006; Wei et al., 2011; Brooks et al., 2014).

Groundwater
Lapworth et al., 2012; Sui et al., 2015;

Watanabe et al. (2010) - under a dairy farm

Sacher et al. (2001) - German groundwater wells

Hamscher et al. (2005) - concluded that veterinary antibiotics were continuously leaching to groundwater after repeated fertilization in an area with intensive livestock farming in northern Germany.

Burke et al. (2016) - antibiotics in surface water and groundwater in the catchment of a drinking water production site in Germany.

Hannappel et al. (2014) and Balzer et al. (2016) researched shallow groundwater in Germany

Kivits et al. (2018) studied presence and fate in fields treated by intensive animal farming, Netherlands.

Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem among humans and wildlife in terrestrial or aquatic environments. In this respect, the spread of antibiotic resistance and contamination of the environment, especially through water pollution "hot spots" such as hospital wastewater, untreated urban wastewater and also urban wastewater treatment plant effluent itself, is a growing and serious public health problem. Antibiotics have been polluting the environment since their introduction through human waste (medication, farming), animals, and the pharmaceutical industry. The contribution of the pharmaceutical industry is so significant that parallels can be drawn between countries with highest rate of increasing antibiotic resistance and countries with largest footprint of pharmaceutical industry. China, which contributes to nearly 40 percent of the world's active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing, has seen a 22 per cent increase in rate of antimicrobial resistance in six years, compared to a 6 per cent increase in the United States.

Along with antibiotic waste, resistant bacteria follow, thus introducing antibiotic-resistant bacteria into the environment. Already in 2011, mapping of sewage and water supply samples in New Delhi showed widespread and uncontrolled infection as indicated by the presence of NDM-1-positive enteric bacteria (New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1).

As bacteria replicate quickly, the resistant bacteria that enter water bodies through wastewater replicate their resistance genes as they continue to divide. In addition, bacteria carrying resistance genes have the ability to spread those genes to other species via horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, even if the specific antibiotic is no longer introduced into the environment, antibiotic-resistance genes will persist through the bacteria that have since replicated without continuous exposure. Antibiotic resistance is widespread in marine vertebrates, and they may be important reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the marine environment.