User:Marygailmccowan/sandbox

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Digital Divide in Thailand
The digital divide in Thailand refers to the "economic, educational, and social inequalities between those who have computers and online access and those who do not" within the country, which is located in the Southeast region of Asia. Thailand is the 50th largest country in the world,

Demographics
In 2010, a nationwide face-to-face interview-based survey of people in Thailand was commissioned by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC). Questionnaire consisted of 10 parts: 9 regarding telecom and media services such as fixed telephony, mobile telephony, the Internet, public phone, radio, and television, and the rest were about socio-economic backgrounds

Location
Survey respondents were selected across each region of Thailand: Bangkok, Central, North, Northeast and South

Education
Internet is readily available at universities for students attending the school. This internet service is available to students, teachers, faculty and staff. Educational software has been developed and available for students attending the university. Wifi is one of the technology services available at universities.

Income
Thailand since 1988 has continuously lowered their poverty rate from approximately 34% to 9%. However there is a disparity among regions in Thailand. Such that the Northeast and North region account for about 40% of the 9% that are in poverty with the whole kingdom accounting for 9 percent. The South, Central and Bangkok combined are less than 9% of the poverty rate.

Age

According to a study conducted in 2006 by Okazaki, affluent youth is the core segment of mobile Internet adoption

Language & Culture
According to a study conducted in 2005 by Funk, push mail service and micro-payment system are the key drivers of mobile Internet growth

Internet Adoption
The businesses in Thailand that have websites only exist for tourist and entertainment purposes. The internet is allowing customers to communicate with businesses owners and vice versa.

Limitations
The NTC (Thai telecom regulator) has been preparing to award new 3G license, but political situation and legal difficulties have led it to fail

legal - Supreme Administrative Court has decreed NTC does not have authority to issue 3G license

political - The National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) or new regulatory body needs to be formed to oversee the matter due to the 2007 Constitution

Effects
The price of mobile Internet service is inelastic, so an increase in price does not affect the need to access mobile Internet. The price is a result of the lack of competition in fixed connection, which also results in limited choices for consumers.

Solutions

 * One solution would be for "Telecom regulators and policymakers to consider policies such as increasing competition and infrastructure investment to stimulate growth of mobile Internet adoption"
 * A solution to better close the digital divide in Thailand would be to implement internet usage in the workforce. - Karl M.

An analysis of mobile Internet access in Thailand notes: Mary Gail  References 
 * data is from a national survey in 2010 commissioned by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) of Thailand are used for the analysis
 * "The results show that price, availability of fixed telephony, age, and living area are recognized as the strongest determinants for mobile Internet adoption" as well as "mobile Internet as an alternative technology to fixed Internet connection"
 * "At the end of 2009, the mobile penetration rate was 98.58%, while the fixed telephony and Internet penetration rates were 11.12% and 25.80%, respectively." This illustrates how underdevelopment of fixed infrastructure has led to a low Internet penetration rate.
 * However, "mobile Internet subscribers make up 30% of the total number of mobile subscribers."
 * 2 trends have driven growth of mobile Internet in Thailand: 1) third-generation mobile technology (3G) and 2) improved coverage of mobile infrastructure.

COUNTRY COMPARISON : INTERNET HOSTS. (2012). Retrieved October 01, 2017, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2184rank.html

https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2016/thailand

Kostro-Ambroziak A, Reshchikov A (2016) First report of the genus Phytodietus Gravenhorst, 1829 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tryphoninae) from Thailand. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e8027. https://Doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8027.” doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e8027.figure3a.

Srinuan, C., Srinuan, P., & Bohlin, E. (2012). An analysis of mobile Internet access in Thailand: Implications for bridging the digital divide. Telematics And Informatics, 29254-262. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2011.10.003

Srinuan, C., & Bohlin, E. (2011). What makes people go on line? An empirical analysis of the digital divide in Thailand. Annual International Conference On Micro & Macro Economics Research, 11-16. doi:10.5716/978-981-08-9514-3&amp;lowbar;MME14

https://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/1/26941/SW-66-Thailand.pdf

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