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ACTN3 Function
ACTN3 (actinin alpha 3) is a gene located on chromosome 11. Sometimes, it is called “the gene for speed.” ACTN3 controls specifically fast glycolytic type fibers. It is one of two protein-coding genes which is expressed in fast twitch muscle. The body is constructed by ACTN3 to produce a protein which is called Alpha-Actinin 3c. There are two variant types of ACTN3: R, and X. These variable genes give us three different genotypes of the ACTN3. The first one is XX genotype, which endurance exercise, the second is RR genotype, which is for a power advantage, and the last genotype is RX which contributes to both endurance and power. These genotypes which are associated with ACTN3 are performance-enhancing genes. Also, these proteins affect the coordinating muscle contraction and fast twitch muscles. Everyone is born with two copies of ACTN3 alleles, one from each parent. Those copies allow for genetic variation between the person and their parents. So, they have similar copies, and it is possible to change the gene on after birth due to the environment; that is, the genes are inducible by epigenetic control mechanisms. For example, if the person has a very active lifestyle which means they practice sports, run, or essentially training the fast twitch muscles in some way, he can influence the expression or silencing of this gene e.g. go from RX to RR or from XX to RX and et cetera. This is not an action that happens rapidly to every athlete, and in some instances, it takes a long time. Athletic prowess is genetic in some cases, as mentioned earlier, and it can be affected by the inheritance of XX, RR, or RX. Ultimately, these genes go on to influence the amount of protein that is produced from the ACTN3 gene. For people who are born with the RR genotype, the genotype is responsible for making them incredibly athletic. Anyone can know his genotype of the ACTN3 gene by getting tested with genomic express. This test explains how it affects the athletic performance. ACTN3 helps to determine whether that person will be good in strength and sprint type exercises, or in endurance sports. It organizes the muscle performance, and the more protein, the higher level of efficiency will come from the muscles. So far, researchers of the ACTN3 gene have still not reached a consensus opinion about why this gene occurs, however, there is no denying its effects on the human population. More research still needs to be done, and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism effects tested. As more research is done, it opens doors for things like manipulation using CRISPR to generate more physically efficient models in animals (and perhaps one day in humans). To summarize, the ACTN3 gene is given from parents to young, and subsequently altered by environmental factors in an epigenetic way. This gene has the potential to benefit athletic performance, with applications in CRISPR and other similar models. The test that analyzes what gene variant is present offers the chance to make informed decisions for athletic training regimens, based on genetic predisposition. ACTN3 (actin-alpha 3) is a gene located on chromosome 11. Sometimes, it is called “the gene for speed.” ACTN3 controls specifically fast glycolytic type fibers. It is one of two protein-coding genes which is expressed in fast twitch muscle. The body is constructed by ACTN3 to produce a protein which is called Alpha-Actinin 3. ACTN3 (actin-alpha 3) is a gene located on chromosome 11. Sometimes, it is called “the gene for speed.” ACTN3 controls specifically fast glycolytic type fibers. It is one of two protein-coding genes which is expressed in fast twitch muscle. The body is constructed by ACTN3 to produce a protein which is called Alpha-Actinin 3.

MacArthur, Daniel G., and Kathryn N. North. “ACTN3: A Genetic Influence on Muscle Function and Athletic... : Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews.” LWW, Oxford University Press, journals.

www.com/acsmessr/Fulltext/2007/01000/ACTN3__A_Genetic_Influence_on_Muscle_Function_and.7.aspx.